Table 1.

Characteristics of the trials contained in 15 studies satisfying the inclusion criteria.

Study	Study design	Participants	Age (years), mean	Intervention	Control	Dosage	Total dosage (hours)	Outcomes included in this review
		Intervention/control (no/no)	Intervention/control (yes/yes)
Brunner et al [40]	RCTa	62/58	62/62	YouGrabber system	Conventional training	60 minutes/day, 4 days/week, 4 weeks	16	ARATb, BBTc, and FIMd
Abd El-Kafy et al [41]	RCT	20/20	54.13/53.42	Conventional physiotherapy and training with robot-mediated VRe gaming	Conventional physiotherapy	2 hours/day, 3 days/week, 12 weeks	72	ARAT and WMFTf
Gueye et al [42]	RCT	25/25	66.56/68.12	Armeo Spring	Conventional physiotherapy	45 minutes/day, 4 days/week, 3 weeks	9	FMA-UEg and FIM
Hsu et al [11]	RCT	18/17	52.9/56.9	VR-based mirror therapy and usual care	Conventional occupational therapy and usual care	50 minutes/day, 2 days/week, 9 weeks	15	FMA-UE and BBT
Kiper et al [43]	RCT	23/21	64.3/64.3	VR rehabilitation system and traditional rehabilitation	Traditional rehabilitation	2 hours/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks	40	FMA-UE and FIM
Kiper et al [44]	RCT	68/68	62.5/66	VR rehabilitation system and traditional rehabilitation	Traditional rehabilitation	2 hours/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks	40	FMA-UE and FIM
Rong et al [45]	RCT	20/20	56.25/62.3	Camera-based mirror visual feedback and robot-assisted training	Sham-mirror visual feedback and robot-assisted training	1.5 hours/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks	30	FMA-UE and FIM
Schuster-Amft et al [16]	RCT	22/32	61.3/61.2	VR-based training system	Conventional therapy	45 minutes/day, 4 days/week, 4 weeks	12	BBT
Sin and Lee [46]	RCT	18/17	71.78/75.59	Xbox Kinect and conventional occupational therapy	Conventional occupational therapy	1 hour/day, 3 days/week, 6 weeks	18	FMA-UE and BBT
Taveggia et al [47]	RCT	27/27	73/68	Armeo spring and conventional treatment	Conventional treatment	1 hour/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks	30	FIM
Yao et al [48]	RCT	20/20	63/66.2	C-tDCSh and VR therapy and conventional occupational and physical therapies	Sham tDCS and VR and conventional occupational and physical therapies	20 minutes/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks	3.33	ARAT and FMA-UE
Zheng et al [49]	RCT	58/54	65.4/66.2	Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and VR and standard rehabilitation therapy for stroke	Sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and VR training and standard rehabilitation therapy for stroke	2 hours/day, 6 days/week, 4 weeks	48	WMFT
Turolla et al [50]	Non-RCT	263/113	60.2/65.4	Upper limb conventional and reinforced feedback in the virtual environment therapies	Upper limb conventional therapy	2 hours/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks	40	FMA-UE and FIM
Borstad et al [33]	Non-RCT	16/N/Ai	49/N/A	Constraint-induced movement therapy (recovery rapids and highly trained practitioners)	N/A	3 hours/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks	30	ARAT and WMFT
Sebastián-Romagosa et al [34]	Non-RCT	51/N/A	60.52/N/A	Brain-computer interface systems	N/A	1 hour/day, 2 days/week, 3 months	25	FMA-UE

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bARAT: Action Research Arm Test.

^cBBT: Box-Block Test.

^dFIM: Functional Independence Measure.

^eVR: virtual reality.

^fWMFT: Wolf Motor Function Test.

^gFMA-UE: Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment.

^hC-tDCS: cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation.

ⁱN/A: not applicable.