Skip to main content
. 2025 Feb 19;27:e66802. doi: 10.2196/66802

Table 4.

Subgroup analyses on age, total hours, trial length, and duration based on FMA-UEa measures.

Outcomes, moderating factors, and between-group/within-group comparison Number of trials analyzed and number of participants involved Mean difference (95% CI) P value I2 (%)
FMA-UE




Age (years)






Younger (≤60.52 years)







Between-group 3; N (VRTb)=301, N (CONc)=150 5.34 (2.18 to 8.50) .0009 0



Within-group 4; N=352 6.96 (4.64 to 9.29) <.001 48


Older ( > 60.52 years)







Between-group 5; N (VRT)=154, N (CON)=151 1.96 (–1.50 to 5.41) .27 0



Within-group 5; N=154 11.93 (8.54 to 15.33) <.001 42

Total dosage (hours)






< 15







Between-group 2; N (VRT)=45, N (CON)=45 0.79 (–4.90 to 6.47) .79 0



Within-group 2; N=45 13.90 (8.09 to 19.71) <.001 0


15 and ≤30







Between-group 3; N (VRT)=56, N (CON)=54 9.67 (4.19 to 15.15) .0005 0



Within-group 4; N=107 11.14 (2.99 to 19.30) <.001 72


> 30







Between-group 3; N (VRT)=354, N (CON)=202 2.95 (0.06 to 5.84) .05 0



Within-group 3; N=354 7.07 (4.76 to 9.38) <.001 0

Trial length (weeks)






< 4







Between-group 2; N (VRT)=45, N (CON)=45 0.79 (–4.90 to 6.47) .79 0



Within-group 2; N=45 13.90 (8.09 to 19.71) <.001 0


4 and ≤6







Between-group 5; N (VRT)=392, N (CON)=239 4.02 (1.39 to 6.65) .003 15



Within-group 5; N=392 10.88 (6.07 to 15.68) <.001 67


> 6







Between-group 1; N (VRT)=18, N (CON)=17 11.0 (0.13 to 21.87) .05 N/Ad



Within-group 2; N=69 4.15 (–1.78 to 10.09) .17 0

Duration of a session (hours)






< 1







Between-group 2; N (VRT)=45, N (CON)=45 0.79 (–4.90 to 6.47) .79 0



Within-group 2; N=45 13.90 (8.09 to 19.71) <.001 0


1 and <2







Between-group 3; N (VRT)=56, N (CON)=54 9.67 (4.19 to 15.15) .0005 0



Within-group 4; N=107 11.14 (2.99 to 19.30) <.001 72


2








Between-group 3; N (VRT)=354, N (CON)=202 2.95 (0.06 to 5.84) .05 0



Within-group 3; N=354 7.07 (4.76 to 9.38) <.001 0

Frequency (days/week)






4







Between-group 3; N (VRT)=61, N (CON)=59 7.01 (–1.67 to 15.68) .11 58



Within-group 4; N=112 11.17 (3.14 to 19.20) .006 73


> 4







Between-group 5; N (VRT)=394, N (CON)=242 3.48 (0.87 to 6.09) .009 0



Within-group 5; N=394 7.86 (5.69 to 10.03) <.001 27

aFMA-UE: Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment.

bVRT: virtual reality therapy.

cCON: conventional therapy.

dN/A: not applicable.