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. 2025 Feb 25;11:e2682. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2682

Table 1. An explicit comparison between recent ML-based studies on heart failure mortality.

Author and year Data-balancing technique Feature optimization Performed model Explainable AI
Newaz, Ahmed & Haq (2021) SMOTE Single-objective RF (✗)
Ishaq et al. (2021) SMOTE Single-objective ET (✗)
Le et al. (2021) (✗) Single-objective RF (✗)
Hussain et al. (2021) (✗) Single-objective SVM (✗)
Sutradhar et al. (2023b) SMOTE-ENN Single-objective IBS (✗)
Li et al. (2022) (✗) Single-objective XGB SHAP
Mishra (2022) SMOTE Single-objective SVM (✗)
Plati et al. (2021) SMOTE Single-objective ROT (✗)
Nishat et al. (2022) SMOTE-ENN Single-objective RF (✗)
Sabahi, Vali & Shafie (2023) SMOTE Single-objective XGB (✗)
Luo et al. (2022) (✗) Single-objective XGB (✗)
Chicco & Jurman (2020) (✗) Single-objective RF (✗)
Mpanya et al. (2023) (✗) Single-objective RF (✗)
Mohan, Thirumalai & Srivastava (2019) (✗) Single-objective HRFLM (✗)
Rahman et al. (2023) (✗) Single-objective Stacking (✗)
Sutradhar et al. (2023c) Consisting of Boosting, SMOTE, and Tomek links (BOO-ST) Single-objective CBCEC (✗)
Muthulakshmi, Kavitha & Aishwarya (2022) (✗) Multi-objective SVM (✗)
Moreno-Sánchez (2023) (✗) Single-objective RF SHAP
Wrazen et al. (2023) (✗) Single-objective DT SHAP
Our study SMOTE and Tomeklink Multi-objective SEHM LIME