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. 2025 Feb 18;11:e2690. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2690

Table 1. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of actor-critic RL models using real-time stock markets test (RTSM), stock markets simulation test (SMST), and application of other methods (AOM) in the investment area.

Articles Result RTSM SMST AOM
Troiano, Villa & Loia (2018) Precision > 98%
Soleymani & Paquet (2021) Profit = 4.47%
Ma, Liu & McAllister (2023) Profit = 47.72%
Schnaubelt (2022) shortfalls < 37.71%
Nguyen & Luong (2021) Profit = 8.15%
AbdelKawy, Abdelmoez & Shoukry (2021) Profit = 20.7%
Pham, Luu & Tran (2021) Profit <= 30%
Azhikodan, Bhat & Jadhav (2019) Profit <= 1%