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. 2025 Feb 18;11:e2716. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2716

Table 1. Performance metrics of different original models.

Model Instance Accuracy Precision Recall F1-score Training (s) Testing (s)
RNN Fraud 0.86 0.64 0.82 0.72 8.88 0.50
Normal 0.86 0.96 0.85 0.90
LR Fraud 0.94 0.81 0.92 0.86 0.09 0.00
Normal 0.94 0.98 0.94 0.96
LOF Fraud 0.73 0.22 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.10
Normal 0.77 0.37 0.90 0.14
IF Fraud 0.66 0.37 0.82 0.51 0.07 0.05
Normal 0.66 0.92 0.63 0.75
SVM Fraud 0.57 0.26 0.55 0.35 2.21 0.25
Normal 0.57 0.82 0.58 0.68
RF Fraud 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.97 1.52 0.01
Normal 0.99 0.99 1 0.99
XGBoost Fraud 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.32 0.00
Normal 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99