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. 2025 Feb 18;11:e2716. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2716

Table 3. Performance metrics of different ensemble models.

Model Instance Accuracy Precision Recall F1-score Training (s) Testing (s)
Voting Fraud 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.98 134.00 0.13
Normal 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
Stacking Fraud 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 987.09 0.37
Normal 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
Boosting Fraud 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.96 3.99 0.02
Normal 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99