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. 2025 Feb 18;11:e2716. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2716

Table 4. Benchmarking against existing fraud detection models.

References Acc Prec Recall F1 Training (s) Testing (s) Code
Aziz et al. (2022a) 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.95 No No No
Aziz et al. (2022b) 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 No No No
Aziz et al. (2023) 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.97 No No No
Md et al. (2023) 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 No No No
Ravindranath et al. (2024) 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 No 0.235 No
Our Framework 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.98 134.00 0.13 Yes
0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99