Table 2.
Description of the patient reported outcome measurements (PROMs) describing the severity of epistaxis (ESS and NOSE-HHT), anxiety (HADS-A), depression (HADS-D), fatigue (PROMIS-Fatigue-8a), and physical and mental functioning (SF-36) of the study population
| Patient population | Total (%) |
|---|---|
| ESS, mean (SD) | 5 (2.1) |
| Mild (1–4) | 188 (33) |
| Moderate (4–7) | 266 (47) |
| Severe (7–10) | 111 (20) |
| NOSE-HHT, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.8) |
| Mild (0–1) | 126 (22) |
| Moderate (1.01-2) | 239 (42) |
| Severe (> 2) | 200 (36) |
| HADS-D, mean (SD) | 6.3 (4) |
| Normal (0–7) | 369 (65) |
| Borderline abnormal (8–10) | 107 (19) |
| Abnormal (11–21) | 89 (16) |
| HADS-A, mean (SD) | 8 (4.3) |
| Normal (0–7) | 275 (49) |
| Borderline abnormal (8–10) | 128 (22) |
| Abnormal (11–21) | 162(22) |
| PROMIS-Fatigue 8a, mean (SD) | 60 (8.5) |
| Normal limits (20–54) | 159 (28) |
| Mild (55–60) | 106 (19) |
| Moderate (61–70) | 242 (43) |
| Severe (71–80) | 58 (10) |
| SF-36 | mean (SD) |
| General Health | 44.3 (22) |
| Physical Function | 60.5 (29) |
| Physical Limitations | 40.8 (41.8) |
| Emotional Limitations | 50.6 (43.7) |
| Energy | 35 (20.7) |
| Emotional | 62.3 (20) |
| Social | 58 (31) |
| Pain | 64 (27) |
AVM, arteriovenous malformation; CI, confidence interval; ESS, Epistaxis Severity Score; GI, gastrointestinal; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety); HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression); NOSE-HHT, Nasal Outcome Score for Epistaxis in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia; PROMIS-Fatigue 8a, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Form 8a - Fatigue interfere scale, SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; SF-36, Short Form-36