Table 3.

Comparison of Wellness Models and Theories Across Key Wellness Dimensions

Theories	High-Level Wellness (3)	NWI’s Six Dimensions of Wellness (6)	High Level Wellness (5)	Wellness Energy System (The Multidimensional Wheel of Wellness) (12)	Total person Concept (5)	Wheel of wellness (5)	Perceived wellness (6)	Whole-Person Wellness Model (6)	Indivisible self model (5)	Integrated Model of Wellness (7)	Eight Dimensions of Wellness Model (8)	Wellness Consensus Model (10)
Citation	(Dunn, 1959)	(Hettler, 1976)	(Ardell, 1977)	(Travis & Ryan, 2004)	(Lafferty, 1979)	(Witmer & Sweeney, 1992)	(Adams et al 1997)	(Montague & Frank, 2007)	(Myers & Sweeney, 2004)	(Roscoe, 2009)	(Swarbrick, 2012)	(Kauppi et al 2024)
Physical	*	*	*	* Moving	*		*	*	*	*	*	Exercise
Mental	*						Psychological					*
Spiritual	*	*			*	*	*	*		*	*
Emotional		*		* Feeling	*		*	*		*	*
Intellectual		*			*		*	*		*	*
Occupational		*				Work				*	*
Social		*		*Communicating	*		*	*	*	*	*	*
Environmental			*							*	*
Financial											*
Vocational								*
Self-Responsibility			*	*		*
Nutritional Awareness			*	* Eating								*
Stress Management			*
Friendship						*
love				*		*
Creative Self									*
Coping Self									*
Essential Self									*
Cognitive Health				* Thinking								*
Community												*
Life Satisfaction												*
Meaningfulness												*
Work-Life Balance				* Playing & Working								*
Self-Care and Lifestyle Habits												*
Breathing & Relaxing				*
Sensing				*
Intimacy				*
Finding Meaning				*
Transcending				*