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. 2025 Mar 8;15:8105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-87539-x

Table 2.

The three additional cases of elemental limits.

Cases C H O H/C O/C N S P 13C References
Case I 1–50 2–73 1–26 3.0 1.2 3 2 2 1 22,40
Case II 1–60 1-120 1–30 2.5 1.2 5 3 2 1 25,41
Case III 1–40 1–82 1–40 2.5 1.0 3 2 1 1 42,21

In Case I, the hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio of the original case was adjusted from 2.5 to 3.0. Case II altered the atomic limits for carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S), while maintaining the same H/C and oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios. In Case III, the O/C ratio, the atomic limits for carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were modified. These cases were identified through a review of the literature.