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. 2025 Mar 8;16:2316. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-57666-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 1 — a The Zn²⁺/SO₄²⁻ ion-sieving accelerating channel model generated by the PAH/PAA electrostatic interaction. b The preparation process of the LbL self-assembly PAH/PAA multilayers on Zn anodes. c Diffusion and deposition behaviours of Zn²⁺ on the PAH/PAA coating surface.