Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the selected participants.
| Characteristic | Sex | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, N = 2,617 | Female, N = 1,323 | Male, N = 1,294 | ||
| Age | 56 (47, 65) | 56 (47, 65) | 56 (48, 65) | 0.680 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.772 | |||
| Mexican American | 364 (13.9%) | 180 (13.6%) | 184 (14.2%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 488 (18.6%) | 254 (19.2%) | 234 (18.1%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,346 (51.4%) | 687 (51.9%) | 659 (50.9%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 270 (10.3%) | 132 (10.0%) | 138 (10.7%) | |
| Other Race | 149 (5.7%) | 70 (5.3%) | 79 (6.1%) | |
| Education Level | 0.113 | |||
| Above high school | 1,414 (54.0%) | 739 (55.9%) | 675 (52.2%) | |
| High school or GED | 588 (22.5%) | 293 (22.1%) | 295 (22.8%) | |
| Less than high school | 615 (23.5%) | 291 (22.0%) | 324 (25.0%) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 692 (26.4%) | 435 (32.9%) | 257 (19.9%) | |
| Married or cohabiting | 1,708 (65.3%) | 770 (58.2%) | 938 (72.5%) | |
| Unmarried | 217 (8.3%) | 118 (8.9%) | 99 (7.7%) | |
| PIR | 0.070 | |||
| Low [0,1.65] | 866 (33.1%) | 462 (34.9%) | 404 (31.2%) | |
| Medium [1.65,4.04] | 877 (33.5%) | 443 (33.5%) | 434 (33.5%) | |
| High [4.04,5] | 874 (33.4%) | 418 (31.6%) | 456 (35.2%) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | |||
| < 25 | 640 (24.5%) | 356 (26.9%) | 284 (21.9%) | |
| ≥ 30 | 1,033 (39.5%) | 574 (43.4%) | 459 (35.5%) | |
| 25–30 | 944 (36.1%) | 393 (29.7%) | 551 (42.6%) | |
| HRR | <0.001 | |||
| Low [0.26,1.06] | 870 (33.2%) | 645 (48.8%) | 225 (17.4%) | |
| Medium [1.06,1.18] | 873 (33.4%) | 500 (37.8%) | 373 (28.8%) | |
| High [1.18,1.58] | 874 (33.4%) | 178 (13.5%) | 696 (53.8%) | |
| Smoking history | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,304 (49.8%) | 758 (57.3%) | 546 (42.2%) | |
| Yes | 1,313 (50.2%) | 565 (42.7%) | 748 (57.8%) | |
| High blood pressure | 0.761 | |||
| No | 1,470 (56.2%) | 747 (56.5%) | 723 (55.9%) | |
| Yes | 1,147 (43.8%) | 576 (43.5%) | 571 (44.1%) | |
| Drinking history | <0.001 | |||
| No | 653 (25.0%) | 469 (35.4%) | 184 (14.2%) | |
| Yes | 1,964 (75.0%) | 854 (64.6%) | 1,110 (85.8%) | |
| Respiratory illness | 0.361 | |||
| No | 2,113 (80.7%) | 1,059 (80.0%) | 1,054 (81.5%) | |
| Yes | 504 (19.3%) | 264 (20.0%) | 240 (18.5%) | |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.60 (5.30, 6.00) | 5.60 (5.30, 6.00) | 5.60 (5.30, 6.00) | 0.324 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.20 (4.00, 4.40) | 4.20 (4.00, 4.30) | 4.30 (4.10, 4.40) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22 (17, 29) | 20 (16, 25) | 25 (20, 33) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 24 (20, 28) | 22 (19, 27) | 25 (22, 30) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 74 (64, 88) | 66 (58, 75) | 84 (74, 95) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.50 (4.60, 6.40) | 4.90 (4.10, 5.80) | 6.00 (5.30, 6.80) | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 102 (95, 113) | 100 (93, 109) | 104 (97, 116) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 10 (7, 16) | 10 (6, 16) | 11 (7, 17) | 0.101 |
| Lymphocyte number (1,000 cells/uL) | 1.90 (1.50, 2.30) | 1.90 (1.60, 2.30) | 1.80 (1.50, 2.20) | <0.001 |
| Monocyte number (1,000 cells/uL) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.60) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.60) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count (1,000 cells/uL) | 6.30 (5.30, 7.60) | 6.20 (5.10, 7.60) | 6.30 (5.30, 7.60) | 0.124 |
| HGB (g/dL) | 14.30 (13.30, 15.20) | 13.60 (12.70, 14.30) | 15.10 (14.30, 15.90) | <0.001 |
| Red cell distribution width (%) | 12.70 (12.30, 13.30) | 12.70 (12.30, 13.50) | 12.70 (12.30, 13.30) | 0.011 |
| Platelet count (1,000 cells/uL) | 238 (201, 283) | 254 (216, 299) | 224 (190, 259) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 118 (96, 142) | 120 (99, 144) | 116 (94, 140) | 0.008 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 100 (91, 110) | 97 (88, 108) | 102 (94, 112) | <0.001 |
| FVC | 8.19 (7.98, 8.39) | 8.02 (7.86, 8.17) | 8.38 (8.23, 8.50) | <0.001 |
| FEV1 | 7.91 (7.70, 8.11) | 7.75 (7.59, 7.91) | 8.09 (7.92, 8.24) | <0.001 |
| PEF | 8.93 (8.74, 9.13) | 8.79 (8.62, 8.92) | 9.12 (8.96, 9.25) | <0.001 |
| PEF 25–75% | 7.75 (7.38, 8.06) | 7.64 (7.30, 7.92) | 7.89 (7.49, 8.19) | <0.001 |