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. 2025 Feb 24;12:1503142. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1503142

Table 2.

Multivariate regression model analysis among HRR and lung function paraments.

Characteristic Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
β (95% CI) p value β (95% CI) p value β (95% CI) p value β (95% CI) p value
FVC 0.73 (0.67, 0.79) < 0.001 0.61 (0.55, 0.67) < 0.001 0.58 (0.52, 0.64) < 0.001 0.11 (0.01, 0.21) 0.028
FEV1 0.70 (0.64, 0.77) < 0.001 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) < 0.001 0.13 (0.07, 0.19) < 0.001 0.22 (0.10, 0.33) < 0.001
PEF 0.63 (0.56, 0.69) < 0.001 0.14 (0.08, 0.21) < 0.001 0.15 (0.08, 0.21) < 0.001 0.24 (0.11, 0.36) < 0.001
PEF 25–75% 0.63 (0.50, 0.75) < 0.001 0.19 (0.06, 0.32) 0.003 0.23 (0.10, 0.36) < 0.001 0.49 (0.23, 0.74) < 0.001

Crude Model: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: sex, age, and race/ethnicity were adjusted. Model 3: Model 2 plus BMI was adjusted. Model 4: Model 3 plus education level, marital status, PIR, drink history, smoking history, ALT, AST, creatinine, uric acid, glycohemoglobin, monocyte number, HGB, and waist circumference. HRR, hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio, CI, confidence interval; PIR, poverty-income ratio; BMI, body mass index. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.