|
Characteristics
|
Overall population
(n=519)
|
0 COVADIS components
(n=127)
|
1 COVADIS component
(n=85)
|
2 COVADIS components
(n=119)
|
3 COVADIS components
(n=188)
|
p-value
|
|
Clinical characteristics
|
|
Age, years
|
61.4±12.1
|
60.1±11.7
|
62.3±11.8
|
60.7±12.5
|
62.4±12.2
|
0.297
|
|
Male sex
|
275 (53.0)
|
59 (46.5)
|
47 (55.3)
|
87 (73.1)
|
82 (43.6)
|
<0.001*
|
|
Hypertension
|
333 (64.2)
|
77 (60.6)
|
55 (64.7)
|
83 (69.7)
|
118 (62.8)
|
0.480
|
|
Diabetes
|
93 (17.9)
|
17 (13.4)
|
18 (21.2)
|
18 (15.1)
|
40 (21.3)
|
0.216
|
|
Smoking
|
147 (28.3)
|
32 (25.2)
|
25 (29.4)
|
33 (27.7)
|
57 (30.3)
|
0.789
|
|
Dyslipidaemia
|
279 (53.8)
|
74 (58.3)
|
47 (55.3)
|
67 (56.3)
|
91 (48.4)
|
0.308
|
|
Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2)
|
46 (8.9)
|
11 (8.7)
|
7 (8.2)
|
7 (5.9)
|
21 (11.2)
|
0.458
|
|
Family history of CAD
|
174 (33.5)
|
48 (37.8)
|
29 (34.1)
|
43 (36.1)
|
54 (28.7)
|
0.339
|
|
Clinical presentation
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.168
|
|
MINOCA
|
173 (33.3)
|
35 (27.6)
|
25 (29.4)
|
40 (33.6)
|
73 (38.8)
|
|
|
INOCA
|
346 (66.7)
|
92 (72.4)
|
60 (70.6)
|
79 (66.4)
|
115 (61.2)
|
|
|
Previous CV history
|
100 (19.3)
|
30 (23.6)
|
16 (18.8)
|
17 (14.3)
|
37 (19.7)
|
0.324
|
|
Laboratory data
|
|
Hb, g/dL
|
13.4±1.4
|
13.5±1.4
|
13.6±1.5
|
13.2±1.4
|
13.5±1.4
|
0.147
|
|
WBC, x103/L
|
7.3±2.1
|
7.1±1.8
|
7.4±1.9
|
7.7±2.3
|
7.2±2.2
|
0.140
|
|
Serum creatinine on admission, mg/dL
|
0.83 [0.71; 0.97]
|
0.82 [0.72; 0.98]
|
0.80 [0.68; 0.95]
|
0.82 [0.72; 0.95]
|
0.84 [0.70; 0.99]
|
0.380
|
|
hs-cTnI at admission, ng/mL
|
0.2 [0.01; 4.00]
|
0.9 [0.01; 6.0]
|
0.4 [0.01; 4.7]
|
0.1 [0.01; 3.0]
|
0.1 [0.01; 3.7]
|
0.172
|
|
CRP, mg/L
|
0.5 [0.1; 2.6]
|
0.5 [0.1; 2.7]
|
0.5 [0.1; 2.6]
|
0.5 [0.1; 2.9]
|
0.05 [0.05; 2.4]
|
0.418
|
|
Echocardiographic data
|
|
LVEF on admission, %
|
59.5±5.8
|
59.7±5.4
|
59.6±5.2
|
60.1±5.8
|
59.0±6.2
|
0.415
|
|
Diastolic dysfunction
|
254 (48.9)
|
58 (45.7)
|
37 (43.5)
|
64 (53.8)
|
95 (50.5)
|
0.416
|
|
Angiographic data
|
|
Presence of non-obstructive CAD
|
259 (49.9)
|
63 (49.6)
|
41 (48.2)
|
58 (48.7)
|
97 (51.6)
|
0.945
|
|
Provocation test
|
|
Positive
|
274 (52.8)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
86 (72.3)
|
188 (100)
|
<0.001*
|
|
Type of positive response
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001*
|
|
Epicardial spasm
|
188 (68.6)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
188 (100)
|
|
|
Microvascular spasm
|
86 (31.4)
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
|
86 (72.3)
|
0 (0)
|
|
|
Reproduction of typical anginal symptoms
|
330 (63.6)
|
0 (0)
|
33 (38.8)
|
109 (91.6)
|
188 (100)
|
<0.001*
|
|
Reproduction of ischaemic ECG changes
|
313 (60.3)
|
0 (0)
|
19 (22.4)
|
106 (89.1)
|
188 (100)
|
<0.001*
|
|
Epicardial coronary diameter reduction ≥90%
|
244 (47.0)
|
0 (0)
|
33 (38.8)
|
23 (19.3)
|
188 (100)
|
<0.001*
|
|
Epicardial coronary diameter reduction <90%
|
99 (19.1)
|
14 (11.0)
|
4 (4.7)
|
81 (68.1)
|
0 (0)
|
<0.001*
|
|
Highest ACh dose (≥100 mcg)
|
323 (62.2)
|
89 (70.1)
|
58 (68.2)
|
75 (63.0)
|
101 (53.7)
|
0.015*
|
|
ACh dose 200 mcg
|
10 (1.9)
|
2 (1.6)
|
4 (4.7)
|
2 (1.7)
|
2 (1.1)
|
0.227
|
|
ACh maximum dose
|
100 [50; 100]
|
100 [50; 100]
|
100 [50; 100]
|
100 [50; 100]
|
100 [50; 100]
|
0.698
|
|
Therapy at discharge
|
|
Aspirin
|
256 (49.3)
|
62 (48.8)
|
40 (47.1)
|
51 (42.9)
|
103 (54.8)
|
0.219
|
|
Clopidogrel
|
56 (10.8)
|
20 (15.7)
|
6 (7.1)
|
12 (10.1)
|
18 (9.6)
|
0.185
|
|
Ticagrelor
|
5 (1.0)
|
1 (0.8)
|
0 (0)
|
1 (0.8)
|
3 (1.6)
|
0.643
|
|
Prasugrel
|
4 (0.8)
|
2 (1.6)
|
1 (1.2)
|
0 (0)
|
1 (0.5)
|
0.508
|
|
Beta blockers
|
178 (34.3)
|
65 (51.2)
|
31 (36.5)
|
33 (27.7)
|
49 (26.1)
|
<0.001*
|
|
CCBs
|
343 (66.1)
|
36 (28.3)
|
42 (49.4)
|
89 (74.8)
|
176 (93.6)
|
<0.001*
|
|
ACEi/ARBs
|
341 (65.7)
|
83 (65.4)
|
52 (61.2)
|
84 (70.6)
|
122 (64.9)
|
0.553
|
|
Statins
|
358 (69.0)
|
79 (62.2)
|
49 (57.6)
|
91 (76.5)
|
139 (73.9)
|
0.004*
|
|
Diuretics
|
76 (14.6)
|
19 (15.0)
|
10 (11.8)
|
18 (15.1)
|
29 (15.4)
|
0.876
|
|
Nitrates
|
14 (2.7)
|
1 (0.8)
|
2 (2.4)
|
3 (2.5)
|
8 (4.3)
|
0.314
|
|
NOACs
|
47 (9.1)
|
9 (7.1)
|
9 (10.6)
|
10 (8.5)
|
19 (10.1)
|
0.768
|
|
Values are expressed as median [IQR], n (%), or mean±SD. *Indicates statistical significance. ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACh: acetylcholine; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium channel blocker; COVADIS: Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study Group; CRP: C-reactive protein; CV: cardiovascular; ECG: electrocardiogram; Hb: haemoglobin; hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I; INOCA: ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries; IQR: interquartile range; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MINOCA: myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries; NOAC: novel oral anticoagulant; SD: standard deviation; WBC: white blood cell count
|
