Table 3.
Associations Between Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and the Prevalence of TD Among Schizophrenia Patients Treated With Antipsychotics
| Socio Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | non-TD (n = 50) | TD (n = 28) | COR (95% CI) A | p value | AOR (95% CI)B | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 31 (62.0) | 14 (50.0) | ||||
| Female | 19 (38.0) | 14 (50.0) | 1.632 (0.640, 4.157) | 0.305 | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–45 years old | 31 (62.0) | 8 (28.6) | ||||
| 46 years old and above | 19 (38.0) | 20 (71.4) | 4.079 (1.502, 11.079) | 0.006* | 1.887 (0.574, 6.202) | 0.296 |
| Race | ||||||
| Malay | 19 (38.0) | 4 (14.3) | ||||
| Chinese | 18 (36.0) | 17 (60.7) | 4.486 (1.265, 15.905) | 0.020* | 4.888 (1.218, 19.621) | 0.025* |
| Indian | 11 (22.0) | 6 (21.4) | 2.591 (0.598, 11.234) | 0.203 | 3.131 (0.610, 16.068) | 0.171 |
| Others | 2 (4.0) | 1 (3.6) | 2.375 (0.171, 32.999) | 0.519 | 3.975 (0.189, 83.465) | 0.374 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary | 12 (24.0) | 7 (25.0) | ||||
| Secondary | 27 (54.0) | 17 (60.7) | 1.079 (0.355, 3.283) | 0.893 | ||
| Tertiary | 11 (22.0) | 4 (14.3) | 0.623 (0.142, 2.727) | 0.530 | ||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 13 (26.0) | 4 (14.3) | ||||
| Unemployed | 37 (74.0) | 24 (85.7) | 2.108 (0.614, 7.232) | 0.236 | ||
| Duration of Schizophrenia (years) | ||||||
| 1–18 years | 34 (68.0) | 8 (28.6) | ||||
| 19 years and above | 16 (32.0) | 20 (71.4) | 5.312 (1.930, 14.624) | 0.001** | 1.515 (0.260, 8.833) | 0.644 |
| Duration of Antipsychotic (years) | ||||||
| 1–17 years | 30 (60.0) | 6 (21.4) | ||||
| 18 years and above | 20 (40.0) | 22 (78.6) | 5.500 (1.895, 15.960) | 0.002** | 3.560 (0.575, 22.026) | 0.017* |
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | 30 (60.0) | 21 (75.0) | ||||
| Yes | 20 (40.0) | 7 (25.0) | 0.500 (0.179, 1.394) | 0.185 | ||
| Alcohol | ||||||
| No | 39 (78.0) | 25 (89.3) | ||||
| Yes | 11 (22.0) | 3 (10.7) | 0.425 (0.108, 1.677) | 0.222 | ||
| Illicit substance abuse | ||||||
| No | 37 (74.0) | 26 (92.9) | ||||
| Yes | 13 (26.0) | 2 (7.1) | 0.219 (0.046, 1.053) | 0.058 | ||
| Cannabis | ||||||
| No | 42 (84.0) | 27 (96.4) | ||||
| Yes | 8 (16.0) | 1 (3.6) | 0.194 (0.023, 1.643) | 0.133 | ||
| Methamphetamine | ||||||
| No | 45 (90.0) | 28 (100.0) | ||||
| Yes | 5 (10.0) | |||||
| Others | ||||||
| No | 46 (92.0) | 27 (96.4) | ||||
| Yes | 4 (8.0) | 1 (3.6) | 0.426 (0.045, 4.010) | 0.456 | ||
| Antipsychotic | ||||||
| First generation and combination | 17 (34.0) | 10 (35.7) | ||||
| Second generation | 33 (66.0) | 18 (64.3) | 0.927 (0.352, 2.445) | 0.879 |
Notes: *Significant at p<0.05. ACOR estimates from simple logistic regression. BAOR estimates from multiple logistic regression; assumptions of logistic regression have been met and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated good fit (p=0.953). Analyses were adjusted for age, race, duration of schizophrenia and duration of antipsychotic.