Table 1.
Patients’ demographic, medical, and procedural history and cardiovascular medication information
| Demographic characteristic | Value, frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 61.86 ± 7.33 |
| Genderb | |
| Female | 12 (54.5%) |
| Male | 10 (45.5%) |
| Ethnicityb | |
| Caribbean South Asian | 16 (72.7%) |
| Caribbean Black | 5 (22.7%) |
| Interracial/mixed | 1 (4.5%) |
| Body mass index (BMI)a | 28.63 ± 5.58 |
| Diagnosis | Frequency (%) |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | 22 (100%) |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | 5 (22.7%) |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | 4 (18.2%) |
| Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) | |
| No | 21 (95.5%) |
| Yes | 1 (4.5%) |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) | |
| No | 5 (22.7%) |
| Yes | 17 (77.3%) |
| Hypertension (HTN) | |
| No | 4 (18.2%) |
| Yes | 18 (81.8%) |
| Hyperlipidemia (HLD) | |
| No | 8 (36.4%) |
| Yes | 14 (63.6%) |
| Cerebrovascular event (CVE) | |
| No | 20 (90.9%) |
| Yes | 2 (9.1%) |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | |
| No | 20 (90.9%) |
| Yes | 2 (9.1%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | |
| No | 22 (100.0%) |
| Peripheral artery disease (PAD) | |
| No | 21 (95.5%) |
| Yes | 1 (4.5%) |
| Obesity | |
| No | 17 (77.3%) |
| Yes | 5 (22.7%) |
| Cardiovascular medications | Frequency (%) |
| Aspirin | 22 (100.0%) |
| Clopidogrel | 22 (100.0%) |
| High-intensity statin (HIS) | 21 (95.5%) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker, angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitor (ACEi, ARB, ARNi) | 16 (72.7%) |
| Beta-blocker (BB) | 14 (63.6%) |
| Metformin (MET) | 8 (36.4%) |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) | 6 (27.3%) |
| Calcium channel blocker (CCB) | 5 (22.7%) |
| Nitrates | 5 (22.7%) |
| Trimetazidine (TMZ) | 4 (18.2%) |
| Sulfonylureas (SUs) | 3 (13.6%) |
| Insulin (INS) | 2 (9.1%) |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) | 2 (9.1%) |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPPIVi) | 1 (4.5%) |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Ivabradine (IVB) | 0 (0.0%) |
aMean ± standard deviation (SD)
bFrequency (percentage, %)