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. 2025 Mar 12;15:8469. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92608-2

Table 3.

The summary of statistical analysis.

Model Run Time R-squared MAPE MAE MSE
Training Validation Testing Training Validation Testing Training Validation Testing Training Validation Testing
SVM 0.0094 0.9579 0.9562 0.9593 16.3489 16.6465 40.6545 0.0407 0.0408 0.0361 0.0024 0.0024 0.0021
MLP 10.6822 0.9506 0.9447 0.9455 15.1776 18.2716 24.8411 0.0437 0.0458 0.0407 0.0029 0.0030 0.0028
CNN 15.7672 0.9855 0.9841 0.9773 7.4173 7.2048 21.8950 0.0229 0.0248 0.0270 0.0008 0.0008 0.0011
Ensemble learning 0.0217 0.9953 0.9917 0.9934 5.4496 6.2881 15.7982 0.0135 0.0163 0.0141 0.0002 0.0004 0.0003
RF 0.0407 0.9992 0.9982 0.9982 1.5013 2.6194 4.5270 0.0048 0.0081 0.0073 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
KNN 0.0005 1.0000 0.9798 0.9880 0.0000 5.8111 5.9151 0.0000 0.0191 0.0149 0.0000 0.0011 0.0006
DT 0.0163 1.0000 0.9988 0.9985 0.0000 2.8254 4.6935 0.0000 0.0071 0.0077 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
Adaptive boosting 0.2623 0.9574 0.9520 0.9477 16.3788 19.3579 36.6926 0.0419 0.0441 0.0442 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027