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. 2025 Mar 11;16:2408. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-57732-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Negative-stain micrograph images of EfAvs5, representative of >5 fields of view with similar results. The scale bar represents 100 nm. b EfAvs5’s NADase activity is activated by filamentation. After the addition of ε-NAD⁺, total fluorescence was measured over time. Data represent the mean of three replicates, and shaded regions represent the SEM. c Top and side views of the density map and the atomic model of EfAvs5 filament. d Detailed view of EfAvs5 filament to show the subunit interfaces. Two interfaces are indicated with boxes, and the NAD⁺ active site is indicated with an orange arrow. e The core of EfAvs5 filament is composed of the SIR2 domain and the NOD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.