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. 2025 Jan 31;103:skaf018. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf018

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — PCoA plot in the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota at the species level in nursery pigs fed diets supplemented with ground herb-based phytobiotics and essential oil-based phytobiotics. NC, basal diet, non-challenged pigs; PC, basal diet, challenged with F18⁺E. coli; HP, basal diet + 1% ground herb-based phytobiotics (Salcochek Pro, Ayurvet Limited), challenged with F18⁺E. coli; EP: basal diet + 1% essential oil-based phytobiotics (Liq-biotic, Ayurvet Limited), challenged with F18⁺E. coli. The X-axis and Y-axis represent the principal component axes, with the percentages indicating the proportion of variation explained by each component. Points of different colors correspond to samples from different treatments (NC, PC, HP, and EP), and the closer the 2 points are, the more similar their species composition. The P value for Bray-Curtis for NC vs. PC: (P = 0.025); PC vs. HP (P = 0.458); PC vs. EP (P = 0.744).