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. 2025 Mar 6;14(5):387. doi: 10.3390/cells14050387
T2D type 2 diabetes
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1
SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
NTS nucleus of the solitary tract
GLP-1RA GLP-1 receptor agonist
GLP-1R GLP-1 receptor
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
PKA protein kinase A
cAMP-GEFII or Epac2 cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor
CREB cAMP-responsive element binding
MACE major adverse cardiovascular event
CVOTs CardioVascular Outcome Trials
ICV intracerebroventricular
BAT brown adipose tissue
DPP-4i dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor
sDPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 soluble
AGEs advanced glycation end products
RAGE advanced glycation end product receptor
ROS reactive oxygen species
Ang angiotensin
ACE angiotensin I-converting enzyme
AT1R Ang II type 1 receptor
HF heart failure
STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
HCV hepatitis C virus
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AST aspartate aminotransferase
ADA adenosine deaminase
TGF tubuloglomerular feedback
GFR glomerular filtration rate
mProx24 proximal tubular epithelial cells
SGLT2is SGLT2 inhibitors
HK2 cells human kidney proximal tubular cell line
mTORC1 rapamycin complex 1
KB ketone body
HFrEF reduced ejection fraction
HFpEF preserved ejection fraction
NOS nitric oxide synthase
NHE Na+/H+ exchanger CA
CA cardiac arrest
ROSC return of spontaneous circulation
MFN mitofusin
DRP1 dynamin-related protein 1
AMP adenosine monophosphate
AMPK activated protein kinase
OPA1 optic atrophy 1
Fis-1 fission 1
GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide