ADC	Antibody–drug conjugate
AEs	Adverse events
AHR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
BTK	Bruton tyrosine kinase
CAF	Cancer-associated fibroblast
CAR-NK	Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cell
CAR-T	Chimeric antigen receptor T cell
CAR-TILs	Chimeric antigen receptor tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cells
CD	Cluster of differentiation
CEA	Carcinoembryonic antigen
ctDNA	Circulating tumor DNA
CXCR4	C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
DC	Dendritic cell
DFS	Disease-free survival
DLT	Dose-limiting toxicity
ECM	Extracellular matrix
FAK	Focal adhesion kinase
FGFR	Fibroblast growth factor receptor
GM-CSF	Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
HER2	Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
HHLA2	H long terminal repeat-associating 2
HRD	Homologous recombination deficiency
HSV	Herpes simplex virus
ICI	Immune checkpoint inhibitor
IDO-1	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
IFN-γ	Interferon
IL	Interleukin
LAG3	Lymphocyte activation gene 3
MDSC	Myeloid-derived suppressor cell
MEK	Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
MHC	Major histocompatibility complex
mOS	Median overall survival
mPFS	Median progression-free survival
MPR	Major pathological response
MSI-H/dMMR	Microsatellite instability high/mismatch repair deficient
MTD	Minimal toxic dose
N/A	Not available
NK	Natural killer
NOX4	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4
ORR	Objective response rate
OVs	Oncolytic viruses
PARP	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
PD1	Programmed death 1
PD-L1	Programmed death-ligand 1
RT	Radiotherapy
STAT	Signal transducer and activator of transcription
STING	Stimulator of INF genes
TCR	T-cell receptor
TDO	Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TIGIT	T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain
TIL	Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TMB-H	Tumor mutation burden high
TME	Tumor microenvironment
Treg	Regulatory T cells
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
VISTA	V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation