| UTR | untranslated region |
| IRES | internal ribosome entry site |
| TOP | terminal oligopyrimidine tract |
| uORF | upstream open reading frames |
| RAN | repeat-associated non-AUG (translation) |
| TISU | translation initiators of short 5′ UTRs |
| PRTE | pyrimidine-rich translation elements |
| rG4 | RNA G-quadruplexes |
| CDS | Coding sequences |
| CITE | cap-independent translation enhancer |
| ITAF | IRES trans-acting factors |
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