Table 3.

F test and P-value of ANCOVA with a repeated measures (n = 98) design comparing coefficient of variation of stride time while walking at self-selected speed with and without backward counting, adjusted for walking speed (covariate) and subject effect (n = 49).

Source of variation	Sum of square	df||	Mean square	F	P-value
Backward counting*	0.060	1	0.0601	0.97	0.330 †
Subjects‡	12.751	48	0.2656	4.28	0.000
Log (Stride velocity) §	0.464	1	0.4636	7.47	0.009
Residual	2.915	47	0.0620
Total	17.201	97	0.1773

*: Backward counting coded as a binary variable (0 = walking alone, 1 = walking with backward counting), †: Box conservative estimate, ‡: Variability between subjects §: Normalized by taking the logarithmic transformation, ||: Degree of freedom