Table 2.
Antiretroviral therapy regimens, timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation and comparators, and perinatal outcomes of included studies.
| Study: first author (year) [ref] | ART regimens | WHIV with preconception ART vs. women without HIV | WHIV with antenatal ART vs. women without HIV | WHIV with preconception ART vs. ART-naive WHIV | WHIV with antenatal ART vs. ART-naive WHIV | Perinatal outcomes |
| Adam (2016) [20] | 100% ZDV-3TC-based ART (third drug unspecified) | No | Yes | No | No | PTB |
| Bailey (2013) [21] | 91% PI-based ART (ZDV-3TC-LPV/r) 9% unspecified ART | No | No | Yes | Yes | PTB |
| Bengtson (2020) [22] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (TDF-FTC/3TC-EFV) | No | Yes | No | No | PTB, SGA, VSGA |
| Chen (2012) [23] | 87% NNRTI-based ART (ZDV-3TC-NVP), 9% PI-based ART (ZDV-3TC-LPV/r), 4% unspecified ART | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | PTB, SGA, NND |
| Dadabhai (2019) [24] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (TDF-3TC-EFV) | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, LBW, preterm LBW, SGA, VSGA |
| Djeha (2019) [25] | 86% PI-based, 14% unspecified ART | No | No | No | Yes | PTB, SGA |
| Ekouevi (2008) [26] | 87% ZDV-3TC-NVP, 13% d4T- 3TC-NVP | No | No | Yes | Yes | LBW |
| Goetghebuer (2019) [27] | 67% PI-based ART, 21% NNRTI-based ART, 9% NRTI-based ART, 4% unspecified ART | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, LBW |
| Hu (2019) [28] | 59% PI-based ART, 41% NNRTI-based ART | No | No | No | Yes | PTB, SGA |
| Kowalska (2003) [29] | 39% PI-based ART, 61% non-PI-based ART |
No | No | Yes | Yes | PTB |
| Li (2016) [30] | 94% NNRTI-based ART (85.1% ZDV-3TC-NVP, 11.7% d4T-3TC-NVP, 3.2% ZDV-3TC-EFV), 6% unspecified ART |
No | No | Yes | Yes | PTB, LBW, SGA, VSGA |
| Li (2020) [31] | 100% unspecified ART | No | Yes | No | Yes | PTB, LBW, SGA, SB |
| Malaba (2017) [32] | 71.6% NNRTI-based ART (75% TDF-3TC-EFV, 25% TDF-3TC-NVP), 2.3% PI-based ART, 26.1% unspecified ART | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, VPTB, LBW, VLBW, SGA |
| Malaba (2021) [33] | 95% TDF/3TC/EFV, 3% other NNRTI-based ART, 1% PI-based ART, 1% unspecified ART | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, VPTB, sPTB, SGA |
| Marazzi (2011) [34] | 55% ZDV- based ART, 45% d4T-based ART | No | No | No | Yes | PTB |
| Moodley (2016) [35] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (65% EFV-TDF-FTC, 35% d4T-3TC-NVP) | No | Yes | No | Yes | PTB, LBW, SGA |
| Olagbuji (2010) [36] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (ZDV-3TC-NVP) | No | Yes | No | No | LBW |
| Ramokolo (2017) [37] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (TDF-3TC/FTC-NVP) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | PTB, LBW, SGA |
| Rempis (2017) [38] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (TDF-3TC-EFV) | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, SGA |
| Rubin (2011) [39] | 84% PI-based ART, 16% non-PI-based ART | No | No | Yes | Yes | PTB, VPTB |
| Santosa (2019) [40] | 97.5% NNRTI ART (91.7% TDF-FTC/3TC-EFV, 4.2% other EFV-based ART, 1.6% NVP-based ART) 2.5% PI-based ART |
Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, VPTB, LBW, VLBW, SGA, VSGA, SB, NND |
| Saums (2019) [41] | 54.7% PI-based ART, 34.3% INSTI-based ART, 10.9% NNRTI-based ART | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB |
| Sebitloane (2017) [42] | 100% NNRTI-based ART, | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB |
| Short (2014) [43] | 17.8% PI or NVP-based ART, 1.5% NNRTI-based ART, 80.7% unspecified ART | No | No | Yes | Yes | PTB |
| Silverman (2010) [44] | 100% PI-based ART (ZDV-3TC-LPV/r) | No | No | No | Yes | LBW |
| Snijdewind (2018) [45] | 66.7% PI-based ART, 31.5% NNRTI-based ART, 1.8% other ART | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, VPTB, LBW, VLBW, SGA |
| Tan (2023) [46] | 59.6% NNRTI-based ART, 31.2% PI-based ART | No | No | Yes | Yes | PTB, LBW, SB |
| Tiam (2019) [47] | 98.6% NNRTI-based ART, 2.4% unspecified ART | Yes | Yes | No | No | PTB, LBW, VLBW |
| Yu (2012) [48] | 100% NNRTI-based ART (ZDV/d4T-3TC-NVP) | No | No | No | Yes | PTB, LBW |
| Zash (2017) [49] | 87.3% NNRTI-based ART, 3.8% PI-based ART, 8.8% unspecified ART | Yes | No | No | No | PTB, VPTB, SGA, VSGA |
| Zash (2018) [50] | 72.7% NNRTI-based ART (TDF-FTC-EFV), 27.3% INSTI-based ART (TDF-FTC-DTG) |
No | Yes | No | No | PTB, VPTB, SGA, VSGA |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor. Drug abbreviations: 3TC, lamivudine; D4T, stavudine; DTG, dolutegravir; EFV, efavirenz; FTC, emtricitabine; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; NVP, nevirapine; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ZDV, zidovudine. Outcome abbreviations: LBW, low birthweight; NND, neonatal death; PTB, preterm birth; SB, stillbirth; SGA, small for gestational age; sPTB, spontaneous preterm birth; VLBW, very low birthweight; VPTB, very preterm birth; VSGA, very small for gestational age.