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. 2025 Feb 27;16:1400962. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1400962

Table 4.

Methodological quality assessment of the 12 included studies.

Authors and publication year 1. Was there a clear statement of the aims of the research? 2. Is a qualitative methodology appropriate? 3. Was the
research
design
appropriate
to address the aims of the research?
4. Was the
recruitment
strategy
appropriate
to the aims of the research?
5. Was the
data collected in a way that
addressed
the research
issue?
6. Has the
relationship
between
researcher
and participants been
adequately
considered?
7. Have
ethical issues
been taken into consideration?
8. Was the
data analysis
sufficiently
rigorous?
9. Is there
a clear
statement of
findings?
10. Was the research valuable? Total
score (max
score = 10)
1 Gilbert et al. (2022) (9) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) No (0) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) High (9)
2 Ashfield et al. (2021) (10) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9)
3 Goad and Parker (2021) (53) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9.5)
4 Raynor et al. (2022) (29) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9)
5 Gooding et al. (2020) (58) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (10)
6 Mullen et al. (2020) (59) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9.5)
7 Clapton et al. (2018) (54) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9.5)
8 Ashworth et al. (2015) (63) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) No (0) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (8.5)
9 Heriot-Maitland et al. (2014) (11) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9)
10 Lucre and Corten (2013) (7) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Can’t tell (0.5) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (9.5)
11 Maynard et al. (2023) (12) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (10)
12 Altavilla and Strudwick (2022) (46) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) Yes (1) High (10)
% of Included Studies Rated as Yes (1) 100% 100% 100% 66.66% 100% 33.33% 100% 83.33% 91.67% 100% N/A
Key
High (>8-10)
Moderate (6-8)
Low (≤5)