Skip to main content
. 2025 Feb 27;13:1523664. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1523664

TABLE 2.

The estimated mathematical parameters of loading kinetic, classic isotherm, advanced isotherm, and release kinetic models.

Model Parameters GL EXGL Mth/EXGL
Kinetic models
Pseudo-first-order K1 (min-1) 0.166 0.157 0.146
Qe (Cal) (mg/g) 109.77 169.4 267.2
R2 0.94 0.95 0.97
X2 2.79 2.69 2.49
Pseudo-second-order k2 (g mg-1 min-1) 8.3 × 10−4 5.11 × 10−4 3.01 × 10−4
Qe (Cal) (mg/g) 152.3 235.8 373.8
R2 0.91 0.94 0.96
X2 3.8 3.96 3.69
Isotherm models
Langmuir Qmax (mg/g) 119.1 206.7 324.6
b(L/mg) 1.94 × 10−8 6.19 × 10−9 1.5 × 10−10
R2 0.99 0.99 0.98
X2 0.025 0.14 1.64
RL 0.99 0.99 0.99
Freundlich 1/n 0.34 0.30 0.12
kF (mg/g) 124.1 206.3 310.2
R2 0.98 0.98 0.99
X2 0.84 1.01 0.36
D-R model β (mol2/KJ2) 0.0062 0.0066 0.0088
Qm (mg/g) 136.1 236.6 330.7
R2 0.98 0.97 0.98
X2 0.74 2.27 2.51
E (KJ/mol) 8.95 8.70 7.53
Monolayer model of one energy n 4.53 5.27 7.2
Nm (mg/g) 26.3 38.4 45.5
Q(sat) (mg/g) 119.3 202.4 327.7
∆E (kJ/mol) −10.06 −10.2 −6.8
EXGL Mth/EXGL
Acetate buffer (pH 5.5) Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) Acetate buffer (pH 5.5) Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)
Release kinetics
Zero-order 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.57
First order 0.91 0.92 0.98 0.98
Higuchi 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.80
Hixson-Crowell 0.85 0.88 0.93 0.94
Korsmeyer-peppas 0.84 0.84 0.82 0.83
n 0.63 0.51 0.49 0.57