TABLE 11.
Post hoc comparisons of the effect of question feedback on learning engagement and academic performance.
| Measure | (I) Feedback type | (J) Feedback type | Mean difference (I–J) | Std. error | Sig. | 95% confidence interval for difference | |
| Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||
| Cognitive engagement questionnaire | No feedback | Simple feedback | −0.467 | 0.786 | 0.554 | −2.03 | 1.10 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −1.752 | 0.780 | 0.027 | −3.30 | −0.20 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | −1.285 | 0.780 | 0.103 | −2.83 | 0.27 | |
| Concentration | No feedback | Simple feedback | −3.572 | 1.083 | 0.001 | −5.723 | −1.420 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −2.451 | 1.074 | 0.025 | −4.585 | −0.316 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | 1.121 | 1.074 | 0.299 | −1.013 | 3.255 | |
| Total gaze time | No feedback | Simple feedback | −9.123 | 2.625 | 0.001 | −14.3394 | −3.906 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −13.537 | 2.604 | 0.000 | −18.7114 | −8.362 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | −4.414 | 2.604 | 0.094 | −9.588 | 0.761 | |
| Total number of gaze | No feedback | Simple feedback | −50.433 | 11.359 | 0.000 | −73.007 | −27.859 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −54.862 | 11.267 | 0.000 | −77.253 | −32.471 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | −4.429 | 11.267 | 0.695 | −26.820 | 17.962 | |
| Behavioral engagement questionnaire | No feedback | Simple feedback | −0.267 | 0.727 | 0.714 | −1.71 | 1.18 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −1.909 | 0.721 | 0.010 | −3.34 | −0.48 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | −1.642 | 0.721 | 0.025 | −3.07 | −0.21 | |
| Duration of study | No feedback | Simple feedback | −20.667 | 5.381 | 0.001 | −33.99 | −7.35 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −40.527 | 5.561 | 0.000 | −54.29 | −26.76 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | −19.860 | 6.686 | 0.013 | −36.29 | −3.43 | |
| Emotional engagement questionnaire | Unable to perform LSD | ||||||
| Relaxation | No feedback | Simple feedback | −5.528 | 1.455 | 0.000 | −8.419 | −2.636 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −4.156 | 1.443 | 0.005 | −7.024 | −1.288 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | 1.372 | 1.443 | 0.344 | −1.496 | 4.239 | |
| Academic performance Questionnaire | No feedback | Simple feedback | −1.379 | 0.383 | 0.001 | −2.139 | −0.619 |
| No feedback | Elaborated feedback | −2.481 | 0.379 | 0.000 | −3.235 | −1.727 | |
| Simple feedback | Elaborated feedback | −1.103 | 0.379 | 0.005 | −1.857 | −0.348 | |