Table 2.

Gamification elements applied in the GIEB.

Deci and Ryan SDT theory	Gamification elements applied in the GIEB
Autonomy	Free Choice of Role: Students decide whether to experience the scenario as victim, bully, or bystander.
	Control over Navigation: Students can start, pause, repeat, or skip sections of the interactive e-book at will.
Competence	Challenges and Questions: Story-embedded questions and scenarios prompt critical thinking and application of knowledge.
	Timely Feedback: The system provides immediate feedback on student choices, confirming correct answers and explaining incorrect ones.
	Points and Badges: Students earn points for correct answers, which they can then redeem for badges, signifying progress and achievement.
Relatedness	Social Sharing: The GIEB allows students to share their earned points and badges with their peers, encouraging interaction and friendly competition.