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. 2025 Mar 12;15:8529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-93207-x

Table 4.

Relationship between whether or not the focal individual produced a vocal response to the pant hoot produced by another individual and the investigated independent variables. Reference levels are in brackets (reference for ‘activity’ is resting).

Term Estimate SE Lower CI Upper CI χ2 z-value P
Intercept -2.269 0.967 -4.032 0.416
Gregariousness -0.386 0.410 -1.195 0.714
Age -0.061 0.517 -1.453 1.160
Sex (male) -1.024 0.860 -3.128 0.840
Mother chorus 2.630 0.659 0.787 3.792 17.123 < 0.001
Call from within party 0.436 0.548 -0.694 1.723 0.621 0.430
Solo call -0.218 0.375 -0.976 0.622 0.341 0.562
Number of females -0.480 0.256 -0.933 0.181 3.696 0.055
Number of males 0.353 0.243 -0.208 1.048
Activity: feeding 0.634 0.481 -0.642 1.553 1.318 0.186
Activity: other 0.614 0.592 -0.797 1.899 1.037 0.298
Activity: social -0.200 0.624 -1.619 1.306 -0.320 0.751
Age*Sex (male) 2.286 1.050 -0.322 4.458 4.411 0.035
Age*Gregariousness 1.759 0.791 -0.435 3.237 4.655 0.030

Gregariousness*

Number of males

0.501 0.235 -0.228 1.066 4.554 0.024

CI: confidence interval. Interactions are represented by an asterisk between variables. Control variables are in italic. Significant results are depicted in bold.