Table 2: Overview of Multidimensional Management Strategies for Frailty in Heart Failure.

Strategies	Outcomes
Exercise and Rehabilitation
Resistance and aerobics training Cardiac rehabilitation	Improves muscle strength and endurance Maximises cardiovascular function and exercise tolerance Reduces inflammation and hospitalisation rates
Multidisciplinary Care
Cardiovascular, geriatric and social help Physical therapy Nutritional support	Improves care coordination, patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes Mitigates the impact of social isolation and depression
Nutritional Interventions
Protein, caloric and vitamin D supplementation Rectifying micronutrient and omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies Intravenous iron therapy	Boosts health outcomes, physical function, exercise capacity, quality of life, functional outcomes and overall prognosis Enhances muscle repair Reduces fall risk, frailty severity and hospitalisation rates
Pharmacological Interventions
Deprescribing unnecessary medications Targeted pharmacological interventions Regular monitoring of renal parameters and potassium levels Using statins, anti-inflammatory agents, SGLT2 inhibitors and IL-1β inhibitors	Minimises drug-related risks Personalises medications to the unique needs of frail patients Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress Lowers patient hospitalisation rates Slows the progression of frailty Enhances quality of life

IL-1β = interleukin-1β; SGLT2 = sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.