Table 1.
Comparison of subjects with and without probiotic use (n = 14,992; N = 46,217,980).
| Total (N = 46,217,980) | Probiotic use: yes (n = 4,062,022) | Probiotic use: no (n = 42,155,958) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | ||||
| A1c (%) | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50 ± 15.5 | 53 ± 15.4 | 50 ± 15.4 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 112 ± 39 | 109 ± 38 | 113 ± 39 | 0.16 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196 ± 48 | 194 ± 50 | 196 ± 48 | 0.34 |
| Triglyceride level (mg/dL) | 160 ± 138 | 142 ± 88 | 162 ± 142 | <0.001 |
| ASCVD risk score (%) | 19 ± 16 | 17 ± 15 | 19 ± 16 | 0.01 |
| Blood pressure (systolic) (mmHg) | 131 ± 20 | 130 ± 19 | 131 ± 20 | 0.06 |
| Blood pressure (diastolic) (mmHg) | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 13 | 72 ± 13 | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 7.0 | 30.8 ± 7.0 | 31.2 ± 7.0 | 0.26 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 60.7 ± 13.7 | 61.9 ± 12.7 | 60.5 ± 13.8 | 0.01 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 50.2% | 38.6% | 51.3% | |
| Female | 49.8% | 61.4% | 48.7% | |
| Race/Ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||
| NHW | 71.6% | 79.4% | 70.8% | |
| NHB | 12.4% | 7.4% | 12.9% | |
| NHO | 6.3% | 6.2% | 6.3% | |
| Hispanic | 9.7% | 7.0% | 10.0% | |
| Marital status | 0.93 | |||
| Married/Partner | 63.5% | 63.7% | 63.5% | |
| Not married | 36.5% | 36.3% | 36.5% | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 2.89 ± 1.61 | 3.28 ± 1.59 | 2.85 ± 1.60 | < 0.001 |
| Education level | < 0.001 | |||
| < HS | 21.4% | 12.1% | 22.3% | |
| HS | 26.4% | 21.2% | 26.9% | |
| College+ | 52.3% | 66.8% | 50.9% | |
| MET score | 840.15 ± 1,044.67 | 828.55 ± 1,017.01 | 841.47 ± 1,047.85 | 0.81 |
| MET score (Categorical) | 0.52 | |||
| Low | 41.9% | 39.2% | 42.2% | |
| Medium | 32.2% | 34.2% | 32.0% | |
| High | 25.9% | 26.5% | 25.8% | |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE inhibitor (yes) | 43.0% | 39.7% | 43.4% | 0.12 |
| Aldosterone antagonist (yes) | 2.2% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 0.35 |
| Antiplatelet (yes) | 2.6% | 1.8% | 2.7% | 0.09 |
| ARBs (yes) | 22.6% | 25.8% | 22.3% | 0.12 |
| Beta blockers (yes) | 12.7% | 12.0% | 12.8% | 0.60 |
| DHP CCBs (yes) | 25.0% | 20.3% | 25.5% | 0.01 |
| Digitalis (yes) | 2.8% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 0.21 |
| Diuretics (yes) | 15.2% | 12.1% | 15.5% | 0.02 |
| DOAC (yes) | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.28 |
| Ezetemibe (yes) | 1.8% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 0.28 |
| Loop Diuretic (yes) | 11.7% | 9.8% | 11.9% | 0.11 |
| nDHP CCBs (yes) | 5.4% | 5.4% | 5.4% | 0.98 |
| Niacin (yes) | 1.4% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 0.07 |
| Nitrate (yes) | 2.9% | 1.3% | 3.0% | 0.01 |
| P2Y12 Inhibitor (yes) | 7.2% | 6.4% | 7.3% | 0.49 |
| Statin (yes) | 62.9% | 63.9% | 62.8% | 0.57 |
| Thiazide (yes) | 28.6% | 29.4% | 28.6% | 0.72 |
| Vasodilator (yes) | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 0.88 |
HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ASCVD, Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, Body mass index; MET, Metabolic equivalent task; ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, Angiotensin receptor blocker; DHP, Dihydropyridine; CCB, Calcium channel blocker; DOAC, Direct oral anticoagulant; nDHP, non-Dihydropyridine. Bold formatting indicates p-values of statistical significance.