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. 2025 Feb 28;12:1495633. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1495633

Table 3.

Adjusted linear regression model for outcome: A1c.

Variable Estimate 95% CI p-value
Probiotic use
No (ref) - - -
Yes −0.15 (−0.24, −0.01) 0.002
Age (years) 0.003 (−0.004, 0.001) 0.10
Sex
Female (ref) - - -
Male 0.11 (0.03, 0.17) 0.003
Race/Ethnicity
NHW (ref) - - -
NHB 0.53 (0.41, 0.65) <0.001
NHO 0.31 (0.16, 0.47) <0.001
Hispanic 0.66 (0.50, 0.82) <0.001
Marital status
Married/Partner (ref) −0.02 - 0.65
Not Married (−0.11, 0.07)
Ratio of Family income to poverty −0.05 (−0.08, −0.03) < 0.001
Education Level
< HS (ref) - - -
HS −0.09 (−0.22, 0.04) 0.16
College+ −0.17 (−0.29, −0.06) 0.003
MET Score
Low (ref) -
Medium −0.03 (−0.11, 0.06) 0.52
High −0.08 (−0.18, 0.02) 0.10

NHW, Non-Hispanic White; NHB, Non-Hispanic Black; NHO, Non-Hispanic Other; HS, Highschool; MET, Metabolic equivalent task. Bold formatting indicates p-values of statistical significance.