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. 2025 Feb 28;12:1495633. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1495633

Table 4.

Adjusted linear regression model for outcome: HDL-C.

Variable Estimate 95% CI p-value
Probiotic use
No (ref) - - -
Yes 1.60 (0.11, 3.08) 0.04
Age (years) 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) <0.001
Sex
Female (ref) - - -
Male −10.61 (−11.62, −9.60) <0.001
Race/Ethnicity
NHW (ref) - - -
NHB 4.73 (3.65, 5.81) <0.001
NHO −0.06 (−1.51, 1.40) 0.94
Hispanic 0.31 (−0.80, 1.41) 0.58
Marital status
Married/Partner (ref) - - -
Not Married 1.04 (0.18, 1.91) 0.02
Ratio of family income to poverty 0.87 (0.55, 1.19) < 0.001
Education level
< HS (ref) - - -
HS 0.74 (−0.86, 2.33) 0.36
College+ 1.90 (0.45, 3.35) 0.01
MET score
Low (ref) - -
Medium 0.28 (−0.71, 1.27) 0.57
High 2.17 (1.08, 3.27) < 0.001

NHW, Non-Hispanic White; NHB, Non-Hispanic Black; NHO, Non-Hispanic Other; HS, Highschool; MET, Metabolic equivalent task. Bold formatting indicates p-values of statistical significance.