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. 2025 Feb 28;12:1495633. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1495633

Table 6.

Comparison of subjects by probiotic supplement type (n = 169; N = 763,288).

Lact (N = 307,565) Combo (N = 337,775) Other/Bifi (N = 117,949) p-value
Outcomes
A1c (%) 6.0 ± 0.9 5.8 ± 0.7 6.1 ± 0.9 0.38
HDL-C (mg/dL) 55 ± 19 57 ± 17 48 ± 9 0.01
LDL-C (mg/dL) 99 ± 46 94 ± 31 90 ± 25 0.78
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 190 ± 55 183 ± 36 178 ± 43 0.74
Triglyceride level (mg/dL) 122 ± 57 133 ± 86 137 ± 57 0.60
ASCVD risk score (%) 18 ± 15 17 ± 15 21 ± 15 0.89
Blood pressure (systolic) (mmHg) 130 ± 21 133 ± 20 135 ± 24 0.88
Blood pressure (diastolic) (mmHg) 70 ± 10 73 ± 12 61 ± 14 0.01
BMI (kg/m2) 31 ± 8 32 ± 7 31 ± 8 0.94
Demographics
Age (years) 63.9 ± 12 66.7 ± 9.3 63.6 ± 14.5 0.24
Sex 0.06
Male 35.4% 35.0% 68.1%
Female 64.6% 65.0% 31.9%
Race/Ethnicity 0.01
NHW 89.0% 83.4% 61.7%
NHB 6.7% 6.0% 10.6%
NHO 2.3% 1.6% 15.1%
Hispanic 2.1% 9.0% 12.5%
Marital status 0.80
Married/Partner 67.3% 61.9% 69.3%
Not married 32.7% 38.1% 30.7%
Ratio of family income to poverty 3.2 ± 1.5 3.8 ± 1.49 2.7 ± 1.5 0.07
Education level 0.45
< HS 12.5% 7.1% 3.9%
HS 21.6% 15.6% 10.1%
College+ 65.8% 77.3% 86.1%
MET score 839.6 ± 756.7 787.3 ± 1,009.0 804.6 ± 958.2 0.95
MET score (Categorical) 0.41
Low 33.2% 30.5% 35.1%
Medium 33.6% 52.2% 26.6%
High 33.1% 17.2% 38.3%

HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ASCVD, Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, Body mass index; MET, Metabolic equivalent task. Bold formatting indicates p-values of statistical significance.