Table 2.
Results of individual studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs and symptoms in DCM.
| Clinical Sign | Authors | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tromner’s sign | Chaiyamongkol et al. [26] | 94 | 79 |
| Chang et al. [23] | 93.5 | 100 | |
| Soufi et al. [34] | 97 | 35 | |
| Babinski | Chaiyamongkol et al. [26] | 36 | 100 |
| Cook et al. [19] | 7 | 100 | |
| Cook et al. [18] | 33 | 93 | |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 13 | 100 | |
| Harrop et al. [28] | 44 | Not reported | |
| Hoffmann | Cao et al. [16] | 61.6 | 85.7 |
| Chaiyamongkol et al. [26] | 75 | 93 | |
| Grijalva et al. [30] | 59.2 | 49.5 | |
| Chang et al. [23] | 89.1 | 100 | |
| Cook et al. [19] | 31 | 73 | |
| Cook et al. [18] | 44 | 74 | |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 59 | 84 | |
| Glaser et al. [29] | 58 | 78 | |
| Soufi et al. [34] | 89 | 41 | |
| Harrop et al. [28] | 83 | Not reported | |
| Clonus | Cook et al. [19] | 11 | 99 |
| Cook et al. [18] | 7 | 96 | |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 13 | 100 | |
| Inverted supinator sign | Chaiyamongkol et al. [26] | 75 | 86 |
| Cook et al. [19] | 18 | 99 | |
| Cook et al. [18] | 61 | 78 | |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 51 | 81 | |
| Hyperreflexia | Rhee et al. [24] | 72 | 43 |
| Harrop et al. [28] | 85 | Not reported | |
| Hyperreflexia of the biceps and triceps | Cook et al. [18] | 44 | 70 |
| Hyperreflexia of the biceps | Cook et al. [19] | 18 | 96 |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 62 | 49 | |
| Soufi et al. [34] | 61 | 74 | |
| Hyperreflexia of the triceps | Rhee et al. [24] | 36 | 78 |
| Soufi et al. [34] | 40 | 92 | |
| Hyperreflexia at the patella | Cook et al. [19] | 22 | 97 |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 33 | 76 | |
| Hyperreflexia at the Achilles | Cook et al. [19] | 15 | 98 |
| Rhee et al. [24] | 26 | 81 | |
| Hyperreflexia at brachioradialis | Rhee et al. [24] | 21 | 89 |
| Suprapatellar reflex | Cook et al. [18] | 56 | 33 |
| Absence of deep tendon reflexes | Philips [33] | 13 | 84 |
| Hand withdrawal reflex | Cook et al. [18] | 39 | 63 |
| Gait deviation | Cook et al. [19] | 19 | 94 |
| Tandem gait | Soufi et al. [34] | 66 | 84 |
| Sensory impairment | Harrop et al. [28] | 72 | 88 |
| Philips [33] | 40 | 46 | |
| Motor impairment | Archer et al. [32] | 53 | 64 |
| Philips [33] | 75 | 18 | |
| Weakness and wasting of deltoid muscles and shoulder girdle | Philips [33] | 17 | 88 |
| Grip release test and grip strength | Kobayashi et al. [20] | 88.2 | 78.1 |
| 10 s step test | Machino et al. [31] | 92.3 | 67.8 |
| 10 s grip and release test | Machino et al. [31] | 77.3 | 58.8 |
| Symptom | Authors | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neck pain | Soufi et al. [34] | 81 | 73 |
| Cheung et al. [35] | 76 | 11 | |
| Cook et al. [18] | 93 | 18 | |
| Neck stiffness | Hori et al. [36] | 11 | 87 |
| Gait abnormalities/disturbance | Soufi et al. [34] | 63 | 95 |
| Cook et al. [18] | 56 | 52 | |
| Autonomic dysfunction | Soufi et al. [34] | 24 | 95 |
| Loss of dexterity | Cook et al. [18] | 72 | 26 |
| Soufi et al. [34] | 52 | 92 | |
| Hand numbness | Cook et al. [18] | 57 | 67 |
| Hand paraesthesia | Soufi et al. [34] | 76 | 90 |
| Upper extremity weakness | Soufi et al. [34] | 51 | 95 |
| Numbness | Hori et al. [36] | 61 | 60 |
| Pain | Hori et al. [36] | 61 | 60 |
| Tremor | Hori et al. [36] | 11 | 93 |
| Cervical vertigo | Hori et al. [36] | 6 | 87 |
| Hypalgesia | Hori et al. [36] | 6 | 87 |
| Jitteriness | Hori et al. [36] | 0 | 93 |
| Apraxia | Hori et al. [36] | 6 | 93 |
| Difficulty lifting heavy objects | Soufi et al. [34] | 75 | 87 |
| Heightened neck pain when driving or reading | Soufi et al. [34] |
Driving: 70 Reading: 71 |
Driving: 90 Reading: 78 |