Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 Feb 28;16:1520777. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1520777

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2025 Leung, Qu, Ye and Zhong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Flow chart of the literature search. Figure 4 illustrates the literature search process, through which 30 relevant studies were selected from a total of 1,328 publications. Among these, 13 focused on kidney tumors, 8 addressed immune-related diseases, and 9 covered other renal diseases.