Table 2.
Changes in adiposity measures, body composition, and other cardiometabolic risk factors following the low-calorie diet interventiona
| n | Baseline | 3 months | Intervention effect | n | Baseline | 6 months | Intervention effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Differenceb (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Differenceb (95% CI) | ||||
| Adiposity measures | |||||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32 | 29.8 (5.4) | 26.0 (5.3) | -3.7 (-4.3 to -3.2) | 32 | 29.8 (5.4) | 26.3 (5.5) | -3.4 (-4.1 to -2.7) | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 32 | 102.5 (13.9) | 91.6 (14.1) | -10.8 (-12.9 to -8.8) | 32 | 102.5 (13.9) | 91.3 (13.7) | -11.2 (-13.6 to -8.8) | |
| Hip circumference, cm | 32 | 105.2 (12.6) | 97.1 (11.6) | -8.1 (-10.0 to -6.3) | 32 | 105.2 (12.6) | 97.7 (10.5) | -7.5 (-9.6 to -5.4) | |
| Biceps skinfold, mm | 29 | 15.8 (6.9) | 11.0 (5.0) | -4.9 (-6.8 to -2.9) | 29 | 15.8 (6.9) | 11.1 (3.7) | -4.7 (-6.8 to -2.7) | |
| Triceps skinfold, mm | 29 | 18.3 (7.5) | 12.9 (4.1) | -5.3 (-7.5 to -3.2) | 29 | 18.3 (7.5) | 13.3 (4.7) | -4.9 (-7.1 to -2.7) | |
| Subscapular skinfold, mm | 29 | 25.9 (6.8) | 20.6 (4.6) | -5.4 (-7.3 to -3.5) | 29 | 25.9 (6.8) | 21.8 (5.1) | -4.1 (-6.2 to -2.0) | |
| Suprailiac skinfold, mm | 30 | 22.6 (7.4) | 14.8 (5.4) | -7.7 (-10.5 to -4.9) | 30 | 22.6 (7.4) | 14.5 (5.1) | -8.1 (-10.5 to -5.6) | |
| Body composition | |||||||||
| Body fat percentage, % | 30 | 32.8 (9.2) | 28.2 (9.9) | -4.6 (-6.3 to -2.9) | 30 | 32.3 (8.9) | 27.2 (9.6) | -5.1 (-7.4 to -2.7) | |
| Body muscle percentage, % | 30 | 61.9 (9.8) | 67.7 (9.7) | 5.7 (4.5 to 7.0) | 30 | 62.5 (9.5) | 68.6 (9.7) | 6.1 (4.2 to 8.0) | |
| HOMA2 indexes | |||||||||
| HOMA2-IR | 29 | 2.6 (1.3) | 1.7 (0.6) | -0.9 (-1.3 to -0.5) | 32 | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.0 (0.9) | -0.6 (-1.0 to -0.2) | |
| HOMA2-%B | 29 | 101.9 (53.3) | 126.4 (52.8) | 24.4 (3.3 to 45.5) | 32 | 101.4 (53.4) | 108.3 (45.2) | 6.8 (-9.5 to 23.2) | |
| HOMA2-%S | 28 | 46.6 (18.2) | 68.2 (24.3) | 21.7 (16.5 to 26.8) | 32 | 45.7 (17.5) | 59.9 (24.5) | 14.2 (6.6 to 21.8) | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 32 | 128.7 (14.9) | 118.8 (14.3) | -9.9 (-16.2 to -3.6) | 32 | 128.7 (14.9) | 122.1 (17.0) | -6.6 (-12.6 to -0.6) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 32 | 84.1 (9.0) | 78.6 (9.0) | -5.5 (-9.7 to -1.3) | 32 | 84.1 (9.0) | 79.3 (10.0) | -4.8 (-8.6 to -1.1) | |
| Serum lipids, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol | 32 | 5.2 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.0) | -0.6 (-1.0 to -0.2) | 32 | 5.2 (1.5) | 4.9 (0.9) | -0.3 (-0.8 to 0.2) | |
| LDL-C | 29 | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.8) | -0.3 (-0.6 to -0.1) | 32 | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.7) | -0.2 (-0.4 to 0.0) | |
| HDL-C | 28 | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.0 (-0.0 to 0.1) | 31 | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) | |
| Triglycerides | 29 | 2.0 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.4) | -0.7 (-1.0 to -0.5) | 32 | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.9) | -0.5 (-0.8 to -0.3) | |
| Small dense LDL-C | 27 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.3) | -0.4 (-0.6 to -0.2) | 30 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.3) | -0.2 (-0.4 to -0.1) | |
| Free fatty acids | 29 | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.5 (0.2) | -0.2 (-0.6 to 0.2) | 32 | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.1) | -0.3 (-0.6 to 0.0) |
Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA2, Homeostasis Model Assessment 2; IR, insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; %B, beta-cell function; %S, insulin sensitivity
a Results by the type of low-calorie diets are shown in Table S3
b Differences were estimated using the paired-t test