Table 1.
Characteristics of patients
|
All patients N = 438 |
Peripheral PE N = 305 |
Central PE N = 133 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (Q1, Q3) | 63.0 (44.0, 77.0) | 61.0 (43.0, 77.0) | 64.0 (47.0, 78.5) | 0.39* |
|
Male sex, N (%) Female sex, N (%) |
159 (36.3) 279 (63.7) |
113 (37.0) 192 (63.0) |
47 (34.6) 87 (65.4) |
0.62 |
|
BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3) Obesity 30–39.9 kg/m2 N (%) Obesity ≥ 40 kg/m2, N (%) |
29.4 (25.3, 35.0) 151 (34.6) 53 (12.1) |
28.5 (24.8, 34.0) 99 (32.5) 29 (9.5) |
31.2 (26.4, 38.3) 52 (39.4) 24 (18.2) |
0.39* 0.16 0.01 |
| Comorbid conditions, N (%) | ||||
| Any comorbidity | 327 (74.7) | 225 (73.8) | 102 (76.7) | 0.52 |
| Hypertension | 192 (43.8) | 139 (45.6) | 53 (39.8) | 0.27 |
| Diabetes | 224 (51.1) | 156 (51.1) | 68 (51.1) | 1.0 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 132 (30.1) | 92 (30.2) | 40 (30.1) | 0.99 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 39 (8.9) | 32 (10.5) | 7 (5.3) | 0.08 |
| Congestive heart failure | 33 (7.5) | 27 (8.9) | 6 (4.5) | 0.11 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 10 (2.3) | 7 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | 1.0 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 48 (11.0) | 432 (14.1) | 5 (3.8) | 0.001 |
| Hemodialysis | 33 (7.5) | 29 (9.5) | 4 (3.0) | 0.02 |
| Cancer | 53 (12.1) | 37 (12.1) | 16 (12.0) | 0.98 |
| Previous VTE | 54 (12.3) | 32 (10.5) | 22 (16.5) | 0.08 |
| Recent hospitalization (within 3 months), N (%) | 125 (28.5) | 89 (29.2) | 36 (27.1) | 0.65 |
| Location in hospital when PE was diagnosed, N (%) | ||||
| Emergency Department | 284 (64.8) | 202 (66.2) | 82 (61.7) | 0.20 |
| Ward | 138 (31.5) | 95 (31.1) | 43 (32.3) | |
| Intensive care unit | 16 (3.7) | 8 (2.6) | 8 (6.0) | |
| Timing of diagnosis of PE, N (%) | ||||
| within 48 h of presentation | 346 (79.0) | 237 (77.7) | 109 (82.0) | 0.32 |
| after 48 h | 92 (21.0) | 68 (22.3) | 24 (18.0) | 0.32 |
| Lowest systolic BP on the day of diagnosis (mmHg), median (Q1, Q3) | 105 (94, 117) | 106 (96, 117) | 102 (92, 116) | 0.03** |
| Patients with SBP < 90 mmHg, N (%) | 62 (14.3) | 35 (11.7) | 27 (20.0) | 0.02 |
| Simplified PESI, median (Q1, Q3) | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 2.5) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.01* |
| Simplified PESI score, N (%) | ||||
| 0 | 68 (15.5) | 50 (16.4) | 18 (13.5) | |
| 1 | 119 (27.2) | 93 (30.5) | 26 (19.5) | |
| 2 | 122 (27.9) | 86 (28.2) | 36 (27.1) | 0.02 |
| 3 | 88 (20.1) | 52 (17.0) | 36 (27.1) | |
| 4 | 35 (8.0) | 19 (6.2) | 16 (12.0) | |
| 5 | 6 (1.4) | 5 (1.6) | 1 (0.8) | |
| 6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Clot burden score, median (Q1, Q3) | 4 (2, 7) | 3 (2, 4) | 8 (7, 8) | < 0.0001* |
| RV strain on CTPA, N (%) | 105/294 (35.7) | 35/196 (17.9) | 70/98 (71.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Echocardiographic findings, N (%) | ||||
| Any RV strain*** | 50/100 (50.0) | 19/57 (33.3) | 31/43 (72.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Mild/moderate | 18/40 (45.0) | 7/15 (46.7) | 11/25 (44.0) | 0.87 |
| Severe | 22/40 (55.0) | 8/15 (53.3) | 14/25 (56.0) | 0.87 |
| Unclassified | 10/50 | 4/19 | 6/31 | |
| Any RV dilatation*** | 29/68 (42.6) | 11/26 (42.3) | 18/42 (42.8) | 0.96 |
| Mild/moderate | 20/29 (69.0) | 7/11 (63.6) | 13/18 (72.2) | 0.63 |
| Severe | 9/29 (31.0) | 4/11 (36.4) | 5/18 (27.8) | 0.63 |
| Reduction in RV function*** | 77/143 (53.8) | 35/86 (40.7) | 42/57 (73.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Mild/moderate | 42/57 (73.7) | 22/31 (71.0) | 20/26 (76.9) | 0.61 |
| Severe | 15/57 (26.3) | 9/31 (29.0) | 6/26 (23.1) | 0.61 |
| Unclassified | 20/77 | 4/35 | 16/42 | |
| Increased RV systolic pressure*** | 87/113 (77.0) | 39/62 (62.9) | 48/52 (94.1) | <0.0001 |
| Estimated pressure (mmHg), median (Q1, Q3) | 55 (45, 55) | 50 (39, 56) | 50 (39, 56) | 0.84* |
| LV ejection fraction (%), median (Q1, Q3) | 55 (55, 55) | 55 (50, 55) | 55 (55, 55) | 0.003** |
| Pertinent laboratory findings within 24 h of CTPA, median (Q1, Q3) | ||||
| Lowest hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.9 (10.1, 13.5) | 9.8 (11.8, 13.2) | 12.6 (10.8, 13.8) | 0.004** |
| Lowest platelets × 109/L | 252 (201, 349) | 254 (203, 356) | 246 (191, 342) | 0.22** |
| Highest creatinine (µmol/L) | 71.0 (60.0, 105.0) | 70.0 (59.0, 106.5) | 74.0 (62.0, 103.5) | 0.48** |
| Highest D-Dimer (mg/L) | 4.7 (2.2, 9.1) | 3.6 (2.0, 6.5) | 8.2 (3.5, 17.0) | < 0.0001** |
| Highest troponin I (pg/ml) | 16.1 (9.0, 83.3) | 9.0 (9.0, 41.4) | 64.2 (15.3, 376.0) | < 0.0001** |
| Highest BNP (ng/L) | 25.5 (7.0, 92.3) | 18.3 (5.3, 64.6) | 49.6 (14.3, 119.9) | < 0.0001** |
| Highest lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.1) | 0.01** |
BMI Body mass index, BNP Brain natriuretic peptide, BP Blood pressure, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CTPA Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram, LV Left ventricle, PE Pulmonary embolism, PESI Pulmonary embolism severity index, Q1 First quartile, Q3 Third quartile, RV Right ventricle, VTE Venous thromboembolism
*Student t test
**Mann–Whitney U test
***The denominator represents the number of patients who had the variable assessed