. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024 Oct 21;27(1):328–337. doi: 10.1111/dom.16021

TABLE 3.

Odds ratios (ORs) from unadjusted and adjusted generalized estimating equation models for severe hyperglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemia.

Outcome	Severe hyperglycaemia		Severe hypoglycaemia
	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted
Covariates	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Year
2009	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
2010	0.94 (0.84, 1.07)	0.96 (0.84, 1.08)	0.83 (0.72, 0.96)^*	0.85 (0.73, 0.98)^*
2011	0.78 (0.68, 0.89)^***	0.78 (0.68, 0.89)^***	0.65 (0.56, 0.76)^***	0.66 (0.57, 0.77)^***
2012	0.80 (0.70, 0.91)^***	0.81 (0.71, 0.93)^**	0.60 (0.52, 0.70)^***	0.61 (0.52, 0.71)^***
2013	0.80 (0.70, 0.91)^***	0.83 (0.73, 0.95)^**	0.49 (0.41, 0.58)^***	0.49 (0.41, 0.58)^***
Age (in years) × 10 years	0.66 (0.64, 0.69)^***	0.66 (0.63, 0.68)^***	1.28 (1.23, 1.34)^***	1.13 (1.07, 1.18)^***
Male	1.35 (1.23, 1.49)^***	1.19 (1.08, 131)^***	0.91 (0.80, 1.02)	0.84 (0.74, 0.95)^**
Private insurance (Yes)	0.73 (0.65, 0.82)^***	0.81 (0.72, 0.91)^***	0.72 (0.62, 0.84)^***	0.86 (0.74, 1.01)
Medicaid (Yes)	1.72 (1.55, 1.90)^***	1.27 (1.13, 1.42)^***	1.95 (1.73, 2.20)^***	1.38 (1.21, 1.57)^***
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular disease	1.48 (1.34, 1.62)^***	1.88 (1.68, 2.10)^***	3.61 (3.22, 4.05)^***	2.32 (2.02, 2.66)^***
Liver disease	2.24 (1.96, 2.55)^***	1.57 (1.37, 1.80)^***	1.78 (1.48, 2.15)^***	1.38 (1.14, 1.67)^**
Depression	1.37 (1.23, 1.52)^***	1.19 (1.07, 1.33)^**	1.50 (1.32, 1.71)^***	1.35 (1.18, 1.54)^***
Dementia	1.10 (0.79, 1.53)	1.45 (1.03, 2.04)^*	4.24 (3.31, 5.44)^***	1.78 (1.37, 2.32)^***
Alcohol/drug use disorder	3.45 (3.10, 3.84)^***	2.02 (1.79, 2.28)^***	2.13 (1.84, 2.46)^***	2.01 (1.72, 2.36)^***
Chronic renal disease	1.19 (1.05, 1.34)^**	1.27 (1.10, 1.45)^***	3.65 (3.24, 4.11)^***	2.11 (1.83, 2.43)^***

p <0.05

^**

p < 0.01

^***

p < 0.001.