Fig. 3.

Exosomal microRNA-31 (miR-31) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) was decreased by the inhibition of exosome production, thus targeting the amino acid metabolism and synthesis of ribosome and the histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). It also manipulated the level of cell cycle regulatory proteins, making it beneficial to the anticancer functions of halofuginone (HF). miRNA: microRNAs; ETS1: erythroblast transformation specific 1; ELK1: erythroblast transformation specific domain-containing protein; DROSHA: anti-drosha/RNase III drosha; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; MYC: myelocytomatosis oncogene; XPO5: recombinant exportin 5; TRBP: TAR RNA-binding protein 2; KDM6A/6B: lysine-specific demethylase 6A/6B; TAP63: tumor protein 63; AGO2: argonaute RISC catalytic component 2; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; CDK2: cyclin-dependent kinase 2; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1α; ZEB1: zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition.