Table 2.
The PS-ICU scale items was loaded using principal axis exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin direct rotation (with the preliminary exclusion of items #10, #18, #29, #39.)
| Items | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | Shortage of beds in the unit | 0.85 | |||||
| 8 | Inadequate or under-equipped healthcare space or defective materials | 0.84 | |||||
| 26 | Family whose beliefs or lifestyle are contradictory with my values or the functioning of the unit | 0.84 | |||||
| 27 | Family’s misunderstanding of the gravity of the diagnosis or the prognosis of the patient | 0.84 | |||||
| 32 | Lack of staff | 0.80 | |||||
| 33 | Non-supportive, aggressive or delirious patient | 0.76 | |||||
| 41 | Caring for a patient who should not be treated by the ICU | 0.76 | |||||
| 34 | Death of a patient with whom I had developed specialties | 0.75 | |||||
| 35 | Family which does not trust me or does not trust the team | 0.75 | |||||
| 42 | Uncertainty concerning the diagnosis or the therapy project of the patient | 0.74 | |||||
| 7 | Families’ distress or emotions | 0.83 | |||||
| 28 | Series of patient deaths in the unit over a short period | 0.80 | |||||
| 31 | Changes in the modalities of care or the therapy project depending on the doctor responsible for the patient | 0.78 | |||||
| 50 | Being on call or working nights | 0.78 | |||||
| 37 | Having to perform tasks for which I have neither knowledge nor skills | 0.77 | |||||
| 43 | Lack of respect for the patient (against his/her wishes, his/her integrity, his/her situation, etc.) | 0.76 | |||||
| 49 | Decision to stop or reduce treatment | 0.76 | |||||
| 44 | Patient suffering physically or psychologically | 0.75 | |||||
| 45 | Having to announce a bad diagnosis to the patient or his/her family or be present when such a diagnosis is announced | 0.69 | |||||
| 46 | Lack of equality in the distribution of tasks among healthcare professionals | 0.66 | |||||
| 15 | Lack of support from the administration | 0.83 | |||||
| 13 | Difficulty to find my place, have my skills recognized, or voice my opinion within the team | 0.82 | |||||
| 17 | Negative atmosphere prevailing in the team, gossip, rumours within the team | 0.80 | |||||
| 21 | Conflicts with members of the healthcare team | 0.79 | |||||
| 14 | Noisy environment | 0.79 | |||||
| 12 | Incomprehensible or unnecessary care relative to the patient’s situation | 0.77 | |||||
| 38 | Assessed or judged by the other members of the team | 0.77 | |||||
| 9 | Disagreement and/or lack of coordination with other units concerning a patient’s treatment | 0.74 | |||||
| 11 | Too many professionals around the patient in an emergency situation | 0.49 | |||||
| 20 | Working pace or working hours hardly compatible with family or social life | 0.81 | |||||
| 23 | Schedule changes, overtime | 0.78 | |||||
| 24 | Working while experiencing difficult personal events | 0.78 | |||||
| 30 | Powerlessness or incompetence in supporting families | 0.72 | |||||
| 47 | Unsuitable or under-equipped space to receive families | 0.72 | |||||
| 36 | Continuous and heavy workload | 0.71 | |||||
| 48 | Accumulated workloads resulting from clinical activity, training, research or teaching | 0.70 | |||||
| 16 | Risk of error, fear of doing a poor job | 0.82 | |||||
| 25 | Patient who deteriorates in an unexpected or unexplained manner | 0.78 | |||||
| 22 | Conflicts with members of the healthcare team | 0.78 | |||||
| 40 | Treating complex or serious pathologies | 0.78 | |||||
| 19 | Plaintive patient who makes many requests | 0.77 | |||||
| 1 | Socially isolated end-of-life patient or one with no immediate family | 0.81 | |||||
| 2 | Colleague not doing his/her work properly | 0.80 | |||||
| 3 | Lack of recognition (from the patient, the family, the team, the hierarchy) | 0.78 | |||||
| 4 | Contradictory information given by other healthcare professionals to the family | 0.78 | |||||
| 5 | Caring for young patients or who have young children | 0.75 | |||||
Factor 1 = lack of fit with families and the organizational functioning; Factor 2 = emotional load associated with patient and family; Factor 3 = difficulties associated with team working; Factor 4 = issues associated with workload and human resource management; Factor 5 = issues associated with complex/at-risk situations and skill; Factor 6 = suboptimal care situations.