Appendix E. CSF leak diagnosis and localization tools.
| Citation | β-2 transferrin (y/n) | CT | MRI | Intrathecal Fluorescein (y/n) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| y/n | Cisternography (y/n) | (y/n) | Cisternography (y/n) | |||
| Abdelazim et al, 2018 | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | Y |
| Babu et al, 2019 | – | Y | – | – | Y | – |
| Bozkurt et al, 2020 | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | Y |
| Campbell et al, 2016 | Y | Y | – | Y | – | Y |
| Castelnuovo et al, 2007 | Y | N | – | – | – | Y |
| El Tarabishi et al, 2016 | Y | Y | – | Y | Y | Y |
| He and Zhen, 2022 | – | Y | – | Y | – | – |
| Huang et al, 2022 | – | Y | ||||
| Jolly et al, 2023 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Kirtane et al, 2012 | Y | – | Y | – | – | – |
| Lopatin et al, 2003 | – | Y | – | Y | – | – |
| Lopatin et al, 2011 | – | Y | Y | – | Y | – |
| Maxfield et al, 2020 | – | Y | – | – | – | – |
| Muscatello et al, 2010 | Y | Y | – | Y | – | Y |
| Nix et al, 2016 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Rathod et al, 2021 | – | Y | – | Y | Y | – |
| Sreenath et al, 2021 | – | Y | – | Y | – | – |
| Tabaee et al, 2010 | Y | Y | Y | Y | – | Y |
| Tomazic and Stammberger, 2009 | – | – | – | – | – | Y |
| Ulu et al, 2018 | Y | – | – | – | Y | – |
| Xu et al, 2022 | ||||||
| Jiang et al, 2014 | – | Y | – | Y | – | – |
| Zocchi et al, 2021 | Y | |||||
| Zoli et al, 2016 | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – |
| Lubbe et al, 2020 | Y | Y | – | Y | – | – |
| Ramakrishna et al, 2016 | – | Y | – | Y | – | |
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Note: Y, yes; N, no; “–” = data not reported.