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. 2025 Mar 4;17:1502154. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1502154

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Heatmap for subgroup analyses of the association between VVs and CSF AD biomarkers. Multiple linear regression models were employed with adjustment for age, gender, education levels, APOE-ε4 carrier status. In the subgroup analyses, the association between VVs and CSF AD biomarkers was stronger correlated in mid-life individuals, female, individuals with less education and individuals without APOE-ε4 gene. Colors represented beta-estimates, asterisks indicated statistical significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). VVs, Varicose veins; APOE-ε4, apolipoprotein E genotype ε4; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ, amyloid-β; t-tau, total tau; p-tau, phosphorylated tau.