Table 3.

Parametric survival-time regression of the study participants showing the hazard rates of developing low HGS using the Weibull distribution. All the characteristics are from wave 6 and are controlled for the country using the Cox proportional hazard model (n = 17,690). (HGS; handgrip strength, BMI; body mass index). (being a female lowers the risk of low HGS by 0.87 (13% lower than males), independent of Cystatin and cholesterol ratio)

Characteristic	Level	Hazard rate	P value	95% CI
				Lower	Upper
Cystatin-C/total cholesterol ratio		1.013	0.000	1.006	1.020
Female		0.861	0.010	0.769	0.965
Age	60–69	1.513	0.001	1.197	1.911
	70–79	4.281	0.000	3.431	5.343
	80–89	8.633	0.000	6.815	10.935
	90+	23.545	0.000	16.040	34.563
BMI	Normal	0.455	0.002	0.279	0.742
	Overweight	0.429	0.001	0.263	0.699
	Obese	0.401	0.000	0.244	0.659
	Missing	0.579	0.053	0.333	1.008
Quality of life	Medium	1.181	0.283	0.872	1.599
	High	0.914	0.585	0.663	1.261
	Missing	1.005	0.981	0.662	1.526
Euro depression scale	Low	0.899	0.156	0.775	1.042
	Medium	1.067	0.468	0.895	1.273
	High	1.175	0.219	0.909	1.519
	Missing	1.534	0.159	0.846	2.783
Diff. with climbing several flights of stairs		1.625	0.000	1.432	1.845
Difficulty getting up from chair		1.137	0.064	0.993	1.303
Difficulty getting dressed		1.214	0.039	1.009	1.460
Bothered by frailty, falling down		1.159	0.101	0.972	1.382
High blood pressure		1.161	0.009	1.039	1.298
Diabetes or high blood sugar		1.173	0.022	1.023	1.345
Cancer		1.033	0.795	0.808	1.321
Alzheimer’s disease		1.073	0.753	0.690	1.668
Stroke		0.998	0.987	0.769	1.294
Osteoarthritis		1.143	0.043	1.005	1.301
Constant		0.003	0.000	0.0013	0.0056
/ln_p		0.652	0.000	0.6015	0.7015
p		1.918	0.000	1.8249	2.0169
1/p		0.521	0.000	0.4958	0.5480