Table 1.
List of some of the commonly used additives in plastics and their reported toxic effects.
| Additive used | Additive type | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| BPA | Bisphenol | Pro-inflammatory effects, miscarriage in women, obstruction of embryonic and fetal development |
[52] [53] [54] |
| BPS | Bisphenol | Haemolysis, Cellular depletion of leukocytes, oxidative stress, DNA damage |
[55]. [56] [57] |
| BPF | Bisphenol | Apoptosis induction, Cellular necrosis, genotoxic, damage of lipids and proteins in PBMCs |
[58] [59] [60] |
| BPAF | Bisphenol | Apoptosis induction, Cellular necrosis, genotoxic, damage of lipids and proteins in PBMCs, Phenotypic alterations of monocyte |
[58] [59] [60] [56] |
| BBP | Phthalates | Haemolysis, Eryptosis, and human neural tube defects, promote fibrogenesis of lung epithelial cell |
[61] [62] [63] |
| DBP | Phthalates | Haemolysis, Eryptosis, Reduced phagocytosis, and antigen capacity Affect human sperm functions |
[64] [61] [65] |
| DEP | Phthalates | Cytokines and chemokines production, reproductive toxicity, Hepatic toxicity |
[66] [67] |
| DEHP | Phthalates | Inhibitory effect on testosterone activity, Immunoglobulins inhibition |
[68] [69] |
| DPP | Phthalates | Preterm delivery | [70] |
| DiP | Phthalates | Activate pro-inflammatory response, Reduce phagocytic activity | [71] |
| PBDE | Flame retardants | Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on pulmonary cells, altering menstrual status, dyslipidemia and blood pressure alteration |
[72] [73] [74] [75] |
| Benzotriazole UVSs | UV stabilizers | Antagonistic activities against human estrogen receptors (ERα/β) and androgen receptor (AR) |
[76] [77] |
| Lead | Metal additives, UV stabililzer, inorganic pigments | Brain damage, infertility | [78] |
| Cadmium | Metal additive, inorganic pigments | Carcinogenesis; cellular apoptosis; DNA methylation. |
[79] [78] |
| Chromium | Metal additives, inorganic pigments | Allergic reactions affect on cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuronal system |
[80] [81] |
| Cobalt | Metal additives, inorganic pigments | ROS production, affect on cardiovascular and neuronal system |
[81] [82]. |
| Copper (Cu) | Metal additives, biocides | Formation of ROS, genotoxic | [81] |
| Arsenic | Metal additives, biocides | Carcinogen |
[78] [83] [84] |
| Antimony | Metal additives, biocides | Metal–estrogen; cancer |
[85] [86] |
| Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) | Water, oil and stain-resistant | Liver and kidney diseases, thyroid dysfunction, adverse effect on the reproductive system and developmental outcomes, carcinogenic |
[87] [88] [89] [90] |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHS) | Aromatic hydrocarbon | Carcinogenic, Genotoxic, Teratogenic, Immunotoxic |
[91]. [92] [93] |
| Alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates | Plasticizer | Immunotoxic, neurotoxic | [94] |