Table 2.
Summary of circRNAs and the mechanisms involved in VSMC functions
| CircRNAs | Mechanisms | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| circACTA2 | Regulates the NF-κB/NLRP3 axis | Inhibits inflammation | [173] |
| Regulates the ILF3/CDK4 axis | Promotes senescence | [151] | |
| circRNA-0077930 | Regulates the circRNA0077930-miR622-Kras ceRNA network | Promotes senescence | [152] |
| circTEX14 | Modulates the miR-6509-3p/THAP1 axis | Inhibits proliferation and migration, but enhances apoptosis | [154] |
| circ_0002168 | Regulates the miR-545-3p/CKAP4 axis | Induces proliferation and suppresses apoptosis | [155] |
| circNRG-1 | Regulates the miR-193b-5p/NRG-1 axis | Promotes apoptosis | [156] |
| circWDR77 | Regulates the miR-124/FGF2 axis | Promotes proliferation and migration | [160] |
| circ_Lrp6 | Suppresses miR-145 | Hinders migration, proliferation, and differentiation | [161] |
| hsa_circ_0008896 | Regulates CDC20B expression by sponging hsa-miR-633 | Promotes proliferation and migration | [162] |
| circDiaph3 | Suppresses miR-148a-5p to increase the level of Igf1r and activates the IGF-1 signaling pathway | Promotes differentiation, proliferation, and migration | [163] |
| circCHFR | Regulates the miR-370/FOXO1/Cyclin D1 axis | Promotes proliferation and migration | [164] |
| circHIPK3 | Regulates the miR-106a-5p/MFN2 axis | Inhibits calcification and differentiation | [170] |
| Regulates the FUS/SIRT1/PGC-1α/MFN2 signaling pathway | Inhibits calcification | [168] | |
| hsa_circRNA_0008028 | Sponges miR-182-5p to regulate TRIB3 | Induces proliferation, calcification, and autophagy | [171] |
| CDR1as | Regulates the miR-7-5p/CNN3 and CAMK2D axis | Promotes proliferation and calcification | [172] |
| circMAP3K5 | Regulates the miR-22-3p/TET2 axis | Promotes differentiation | [108] |
| circEsyt2 | Regulates p53β splicing via binding to PCBP1 | Enhances proliferation and migration, but inhibits apoptosis and differentiation | [174] |
| circZXDC | Regulates the miR-125a-3p/ABCC6 axis | Promotes phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration | [175] |
CircRNAs, circular RNAs; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3; ILF3, interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3; CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4; Kras, kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene; THAP1, THAP domain-containing protein 1; CKAP4, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4; NRG-1, neuregulin-1; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; CDC20B, cell division cycle 20B; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1; MFN2, mitofusin2; FUS, fused in sarcoma; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; TRIB3, tribbles pseudokinase 3; CNN3, calponin 3; CAMK2D, calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta; TET2, tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2; PCBP1, poly (C)-binding protein 1; ABCC6, ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6