Table 1.
Basic characteristics of final selected studies
| Author, year | Country | Study design/sample | Brain tumor type | iPSC technology (transduction, transfection)/viral or non-viral/iPSC source | Host species (in case the study design is in vivo) | Type of virus/reagent | Aim of study | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yamazoe et al., 2014 | Japan | Animal study/mouse/in vivo and in vitro | Glioma | Transduction/mouse iPSC | Mouse xenograft | Retrovirus | Interventional/mesenchymal stem cells | This study reports NSCs and MSCs as alternative therapeutic tools for malignant glioma |
| Another report in this study is the safer iPSC-NSCs migratory activity, which were transduced from iPSCs after neural induction | |||||||||
| 2 | Ignacio Sancho-Martinez et al., 2016 | USA | Animal study/mice/in vivo and in vitro | Glioma | Transfection non-viral/hiPSCs | Mice xenograft | Plasmid Lipofectamine | Interventional/Glioma tumor-initiating cells | This study surveyed iPSCs potentiality in tumorigenesis to investigate gliomagenesis |
| 3 | Bian et al., 2018 | China | In vitro | Glioblastoma | Transfection/hiPSC | Not applicable | NA | Modeling/Organoids | This study reports distinct transcriptional profiles, and different cellular identities for MYCOE and GBM-like neoCORs |
| Results indicate that neoCORs remain viable and expand after renal subcapsular engrafting | |||||||||
| 4 | Ogawa et al., 2018 | USA | Animal study/mouse/in vivo and in vitro | Glioma | Transfection viral/hiPSC | Mouse xenograft | CMV | Modeling/organoids | This study reports evidences that transformed cells rapidly become invasive and destroy surrounding organoid structures, overwhelming the entire organoid |
| In addition, this study reports that human-organoid-derived tumor cell lines or primary human-patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines can be transplanted into human cerebral organoids to establish invasive tumor-like structure | |||||||||
| 5 | Huang et al., 2019 | USA | Animal study/mice/in vivo | Medulloblastoma | Transduction/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Retrovirus and episomal plasmid | Modeling/Medulloblastoma | This study showed that NES cells derived from Gorlin syndrome patients could generate medulloblastoma because of PTCH1 mutation |
| 6 | Liu et al., 2019 | UK | Animal study/mice/in vivo and in vitro | LGGs | Transduction/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Lentivirus | Modeling/Low-grade gliomas | This study recommends that regional chromosomal alterations may present prior to the acquisition of IDH mutations in at least some cases of LGGs |
| 7 | Plummer et al., 2019 | Scotland | In vitro | Glioblastoma | Transduction/hiPSC | Not applicable | Retrovirus | Interventional/glioblastoma | This study introduced an approach to study anticancer medication response differences |
| Moreover, TMZ and DOX treatments reasoned a reduction in the size of the gBS with little or no effect on the number of normal neuronal cells | |||||||||
| 8 | Terada et al., 2019 | Japan | Animal study/mice/in vivo and in vitro | Teratoid/Rhabdoid tumor | Transfection viral/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Sendai virus | Modeling/Neural progenitor-like cells | Findings in this study showed activation of the ESC-like signature in clinical specimens of AT/RTs but not medulloblastomas or glioblastomas |
| In addition, that c-MYC overexpression induces activation of the ESC-like signature in NPLC-derived tumors and drives tumor development with the rhabdoid phenotype | |||||||||
| 9 | Ikemoto et al., 2020 | Japan | Animal study/mice/in vivo and in vitro | Medulloblastoma/Tratoma | Transfection viral/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Sendai virus | Modeling/Medulloblastoma | This study used iPSC-derived from four Gorlin syndrome patient to clarify brain tumor cancers like basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. There was not any correlation between Gorlin syndrome and Gln-iPSCs in non-medulloblastoma patients, but one of medulloblastomas demonstrated loss of PTCH1 gene |
| 10 | Koga et al., 2020 | USA | Animal study/mice/in vivo | Glioblastoma | Transfection-non-viral/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Plasmid—lipofectamin | Modeling/Glioblastoma | This study reports mesenchymal and proneural subtype features by NF1-deleted tumors and PDGF-driven tumors, respectively, in mouse models |
| These cancer avatar models introduce a platform to assess human tumor development, governed by molecular subtype mutations and lineage-restricted differentiation | |||||||||
| 11 | Tamura et al., 2020 | Japan | Animal study/mice/in vivo | Glioblastoma | Transduction/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Lentivirus | Interventional/Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells | This study reports that in the presence of a prodrug GCV, hiPSC-derived NS/PCs transduced with the lentiviral vector expressing HSV-TK were able to inhibit the growth of human glioma cells, through the bystander killing effect |
| 12 | Krieger et al., 2020 | Germany | In vitro | Glioblastoma | Transfection non-viral/hiPSC | Not applicable | Plasmid—FuGene HD | Modeling/Glioblastoma | This study reports recapitulating the in vivo behavior of GBM by showing an extended network of long microtubes in tumor cells with organoids |
| 13 | Haag et al., 2021 | USA | Animal study/mice/in vivo | DIPG | Transfection non-viral/hiPSC | Mice xenograft | Plasmid-FuGene HD transfection reagent (Promega) | Modeling/Astroglial and oligodendroglial differentiation | This study showed increase in neural stem cell proliferation, and a viability reduction in H3.3-K27M DIPG cells reported in overexpression of K27M specifically in H3.3 |
| Also increase apoptosis and proliferation primarily in NSCs occurred by H3.3-K27M | |||||||||
| Viability decreases in iPSC, impairing pluripotency reprogramming, and effect on gene regulation with bivalent promoters reported by H3.3-K27M | |||||||||
| 14 | Anastasaki et al., 2022 | USA | Animal study/mice/In vivo and in vitro | Glioma | Transfection non-viral/hiPSCs | Mice xenograft | NA | Interventional/LGGs | This study established a tractable experimental humanized platform for childhood brain tumors by elucidating the pathogenesis of and potential therapeutic opportunities |
| 15 | Baliña-Sánchez et al., 2023 | Spain | In vitro | Brain tumors | Transfection viral/hiPSC | Not applicable | Sendai virus | Modeling/mesenchymal stromal cells | This study introduces a non-invasive approach for brain tumor envisioned children’s treatment by generating personalized iMSC products |
| 16 | Linkous et al., 2019 | USA | In vitro | Glioblastoma | NA/hiPSCs | Not applicable | NA | Modeling/Glioblastoma | This study demonstrated glioblastoma invasion into organoids environment same as brain tissue and clarify its pathogenesis |
| 17 | Goranci-Buzhala et al., 2020 | Germany | In vitro | Glioblastoma | NA/hiPSCs | Not applicable | NA | Modeling/Glioblastoma | This study showed that iPSC-derived organoids as a suitable platform to investigate medulloblastoma |
| 18 | Hwang et al., 2020 | France | In vitro | Glioblastoma | Transfection viral/hiPSCs | Not applicable | Sendai virus | Modeling/Glioblastoma | This study showed c-met mutated iPSCs generated glioblastoma related genes after 90 days in comparison with other iPSCs |
| TMZ could be an efficient medication for c-met mutated iPSC-derived organoids | |||||||||
| 19 | Cancer et al., 2019 | Sweden | In vitro | Medulloblastoma | Transduction/hiPSCs | Not applicable | Lentivirus | Modeling/Medulloblastoma | This study benefited iPSC-derived organoids to investigate role of oct4 in activation of mTOR as a metastasis inducer in tumors |
| 20 | Susanto et al., 2019 | Sweden | Animal study/mouse/in vitro and in vivo | Medulloblastoma | Transfection viral/hiPSCs | Mouse xenograft | Sendai virus | Interventional/Medulloblastoma | This study showed iPSC-derived human NES cells from a Gorlin syndrome patient which carrying a germline mutation in the sonic hedgehog receptor. PTCH1could mimic human medulloblastoma after implantation into mouse brain |
| 21 | Xue et al., 2021 | USA | Animal study/mice/In vitro and in vivo | Medulloblastoma | Transfection viral/hiPSCs | Mice xenograft | Sendai virus | Modeling/medulloblastoma | This study showed iPSC-derived medulloblastoma model utilized to evaluate cytotoxic effect of Frondoside A both in vitro and in vivo |
| 22 | Ballabio et al., 2020 | Italy | Animal study/mouse/in vitro and in vivo | Medulloblastoma | Transfection non-viral/hiPSCs | Mouse xenograft | Piggyback transposase | Modeling/Medulloblastoma | This study investigated iPSC-derived organoids to evaluate role of Otx2 and cMYC in medulloblastoma formation |
AT/RTs, teratoid/rhabdoid tumors; CMV, cytomegalovirus; DIPG, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma; DOX, doxorubicin; ESC, embryonic stem cell; GBM, glioblastoma; gBS, glioblastoma brain sphere; GCV, ganciclovir; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; HSV-TK, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase; iMSC, induced mesenchymal stem cell; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; LGG, low-grade glioma; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin, MYCOE, myc oncogene-expressing cells; neoCOR, neoplastic cerebral organoid; NES, neuroepithelial stem; NPLCs, neural progenitor-like cells; NS/PCs, neural stem/progenitor cells; NSCs, neural stem cells; TMZ, temozolomide.