Table 3.
Parameter estimates of the two models.
| Paths | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | (β) SE | B | (β) SE | B (SE) | (β) SE | B | (β) SE | |
| Coworker incivility ⟶ belongingness | −0.43 (0.10)∗∗∗ | −0.29 (0.07)∗∗∗ | −0.16 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.11 (0.02)∗∗∗ | −0.43 (0.10)∗∗∗ | −0.29 (0.07)∗∗∗ | −0.42 (0.10)∗∗∗ | −0.29 (0.07)∗∗∗ |
| Patient incivility ⟶ belongingness | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.07 (0.06) | −0.16 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.10 (0.02)∗∗∗ | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Supervisor incivility ⟶ belongingness | −0.34 (0.13)∗∗ | −0.16 (0.06)∗∗∗ | −0.16 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.08 (0.01)∗∗∗ | −0.34 (0.13)∗∗ | −0.16 (0.06)∗∗∗ | −0.31 (0.13)∗ | −0.15 (0.06)∗ |
| Doctor incivility ⟶ belongingness | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.07) | −0.16 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.10 (0.02)∗∗∗ | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.06) |
| Coworker incivility ⟶ competence | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.02)∗ | −0.05 (0.02)∗ | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.08) | −0.07 (0.07) |
| Patient incivility ⟶ competence | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.09 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.02)∗ | −0.05 (0.02)∗ | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.09 (0.06) | −0.20 (0.07)∗∗ | −0.17 (0.06)∗∗ |
| Supervisor incivility ⟶ competence | −0.03 (0.09) | −0.02 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.02)∗ | −0.03 (0.01)∗ | −0.03 (0.09) | −0.02 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.06) |
| Doctor incivility ⟶ competence | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.02)∗ | −0.04 (0.02)∗ | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.08) | −0.04 (0.07) |
| Coworker incivility ⟶ autonomy | −0.32 (0.09)∗∗∗ | −0.24 (0.07)∗∗∗ | −0.21 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.16 (0.02)∗∗∗ | −0.32 (0.09)∗∗∗ | −0.24 (0.07)∗∗∗ | −0.31 (0.09)∗∗∗ | −0.23 (0.06)∗∗∗ |
| Patient incivility ⟶ autonomy | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.21 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.15 (0.02)∗∗∗ | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.06) |
| Supervisor incivility ⟶ autonomy | −0.32 (0.11)∗∗ | −0.17 (0.06)∗∗ | −0.21 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.11 (0.01)∗∗∗ | −0.32 (0.11)∗∗ | −0.17 (0.06)∗∗ | −0.31 (0.11)∗∗ | −0.17 (0.06)∗∗ |
| Doctor incivility ⟶ autonomy | −0.22 (0.09)∗ | −0.15 (0.06)∗ | −0.21 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.14 (0.02)∗∗∗ | −0.22 (0.09)∗ | −0.15 (0.06)∗ | −0.22 (0.09)∗ | −0.15 (0.06)∗ |
| Coworker incivility ⟶ TI | −0.18 (0.12) | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.18 (0.12) | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.13 (0.12) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.15 (0.11) | −0.09 (0.07) |
| Patient incivility ⟶ TI | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Supervisor incivility ⟶ TI | 0.28 (0.14)∗ | 0.11 (0.06)∗ | 0.28 (0.14)∗ | 0.11 (0.06)∗ | 0.34 (0.15)∗ | 0.14 (0.06)∗ | 0.30 (0.14)∗ | 0.12 (0.06)∗ |
| Doctor incivility ⟶ TI | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.13)∗ | 0.13 (0.06)∗ | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Belongingness ⟶ TI | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.26 (0.04)∗∗∗ | −0.22 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.06) |
| Competence ⟶ TI | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.05) | −0.26 (0.04)∗∗∗ | −0.15 (0.01)∗∗∗ | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.05) |
| Autonomy ⟶ TI | −0.62 (0.08)∗∗∗ | −0.48 (0.06)∗∗∗ | −0.62 (0.08)∗∗∗ | −0.47 (0.06)∗∗∗ | −0.26 (0.04)∗∗∗ | −0.20 (0.03)∗∗∗ | −0.62 (0.08)∗∗∗ | −0.47 (0.06)∗∗∗ |
Note. TI = turnover intentions. Model 1: the model with the links from different sources to each psychological need and the links from psychological needs to turnover intentions were freely estimated. Model 2: the model with the links from different sources to each psychological need was constrained to be equal. Model 3: the model with the links from different psychological needs to turnover intentions was constrained to be equal. Model 4: this model is same as model 1 but without controls (sex: 1 = male, 2 = female, and 3 = gender diverse). We retained model 1 and discussed our findings based on model 1. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.