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. 2025 Mar 18;16:2676. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-57980-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Illustration of the major O-GalNAc glycans. Biosynthesis and extension of Tn and T structures were shown. b Schematic diagram of different stages of spermatogenesis. The spermatogonia perform a mitotic division to form primary spermatocytes. The latter undergo two meiotic divisions to form round spermatids, which subsequently undergo a structural metamorphosis to become elongated spermatids. The composition of germ cell types in seminiferous tubules of mouse testes from 0 day after birth until sexual maturity was summarized according to literature. c H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) staining (left) and lectin staining (middle and right) of seminiferous tubules of mouse testes at different times after birth. The signal of PNA (peanut agglutinin) recognizing T antigen (Galβ1,3GalNAc-α1-Ser/Thr) was strongly stained in round and elongated spermatids, especially in round spermatids. The signal of VVA (vicia villosa agglutinin) recognizing Tn antigen (GalNAc-α1-Ser/Thr) was strongly stained in round and elongated spermatids, especially in elongated ones. White hollow and solid arrows indicate round and elongated spermatids, respectively. The images shown are representative of five mice/group. Scale bars represent 50 μm. STn sialylated Tn antigen, ST sialylated T antigen, dST di-sialylated T antigen.