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. 2025 Mar 18;16:2170. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56906-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The map shows part of the rural province of Tuyên Quang in northern Vietnam, with population data for the reference year 2000 from a GWP, b GRUMP, c GHS-POP, d LandScan, and e WorldPop. The Na Hang Reservoir in this area (indicated by the grey polygon) was completed in 2008 and caused resettlement of 4000 people. Supplementary Fig. 1 shows an enlargement of panel d. Country boundary courtesy of ©EuroGeographics.